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Ïîëèòîëîãèÿ


        Íà ïðèìåðàõ ðàçâèòèÿ
÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà àâòîðû ïûòàþòñÿ ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî ãîñóäàðñòâî
ïðåäñòàâëÿåò íà÷àëî âëàñòè, áëàãîäàðÿ êîòîðîìó, îíî îáúåäèíÿåò ÷åëîâå÷åñêèå
îáùíîñòè â ñîöèóì.
    
       ãîñóäàðñòâå ÂËÀÑÒÜ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòëè÷èòåëüíûì
ïðèçíàêîì.
Â
ñèëó ýòîãî, íà íàø âçãëÿä, ãîñóäàðñòâî ÿâëÿåòñÿ èñõîäíûì ýëåìåíòîì
ïîñòðîåíèÿ âñåõ ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ó÷åíèé, öåíòðàëüíîé ïðîáëåìîé ïîëèòîëîãèè.
   Ïðåäìåòîì ïîëèòîëîãèè                                 Ïîëèòèêà
     ÿâëÿåòñÿ: 
 
     
                                                                                                                       
 åå ïðèðîäà
                                                                                                                        
ñîäåðæàíèå                                              
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                         
îñíîâíûå
                                                                                        
ýëåìåíòû             
 
                                                                                                 
                        îáùèå
                                                                                  
çàêîíîìåðíîñòè  
                                                                                                                  
      
     Ïðåäìåòîì èñòîðèè                                      
    ïîëèòîëîãèè                                                     Ïîëèòèêà,
    ÿâëÿåòñÿ:                                                           íî â åå:
 
                      
                                                                                            ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîì
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                      
èñòîðè÷åñêîì
                                                                                        
èçìåðåíèÿõ
   *   Èñòîðèþ ïîëèòîëîãèè ñëåäóåò
âîñïðèíèìàòü òîëüêî â êîíòåêñòå:
        èñòîðèè êóëüòóðû,
        èñòîðèè ôèëîñîôèè,
         ðåëèãèè è ãîñóäàðñòâà, â
÷àñòíîñòè.
      Ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò ïîòîìó, ÷òî
èñòîðèÿ ïîëèòîëîãèè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé   
 
                                                     Äðåâíèé ìèð
                                           VIII - VI â. Äî í.ý.
   
                                                                     
                    
                                                                            
Èäåÿ
áîæåñòâåííîãî
                                                                     
ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ îò-
                                                                     
íîøåíèé âëàñòè è
                 
Êîíôóöèé                                  ïîðÿäêà. Ëþäè íå-
                 
Áóääà                                         ðàâíû ïî âîëå áîãîâ.
                  Çàðàòóñòðà                                Íåðàâåíñòâî âå÷íî
                 
Èåðåìèÿ                                     è íåèçìåííî. Ïîïûò-
                                                                      
êè óñòðàíèòü íåðà-
                                                                     
âåíñòâî-ñâÿòîòàòñò-
                                                                     
âî.
                                                Àíòè÷íûé ìèð
                                            VI - II â. Äî í. ý.
                                   
                                                                   
Òåîðåòè÷åñêîå îñìûñëåíèå
                                                                   
ôîðì ãîñ. Óñòðîéñòâà: àðèñòîê-
                                                                    
ðàòèè, äåìîêðàòèè, îëèãàðõèè,
                                                                   
òèìîêðàòèè, òèðàíèè. Ïðåä-
                                                                   
ñòàâëåíèÿ î ïîëèòèêå êàê öàð-
                      Ïëàòîí                           ñêîì èñêóññòâå óïðàâëÿòü
                                                              ëþäüìè. Ââåäåíèå
ïîíÿòèé:
                    
Àðèñòîòåëü                      þðèäè÷åñêîå ëèöî,
ïîëèòè÷åñ-   
                                                                   
êàÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü è äð.  
                                                                  
Ñîçäàíèå òåîðèè èäåàëüíîãî
                                                                   
ãîñóäàðñòâà.
                                                                   
Çàðîæäåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ íàó÷-
                                                                   
íîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîëèòèêè.
                                   Ýïîõà ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ
                                    ñ V äî  XIV â. â.
 
                                                                      
                                                                  
Îáíîâëåíèå âåðõîâåíñòâà
                                                                  
öåðêâè íàä ñâåòñêîé âëàñòüþ.
                                                                   Çàêîíû
ïðèðîäû è îáùåñòâà -
        ýòî ïðàâèëà ïðèìåíèòåëüíî
ê äîñòèæåíèþ êîíêðåòíîé
öåëè.
                                                                  
Êîíöåïöèÿ ðåëèãèîçíîé ñóù-     
íîñòè ãîñóäàðñòâà:
              
À. Àâãóñòèí                               ìèðîâîé ïîðÿäîê óñòàíîâëåí
                                                                        
áîãîì.       
               Ô. Àêâèíñêèé                             
                                                                   Ïðîïîâåäü
ñìèðåíèÿ, ïîñëó-  
             
Çëàòîóñò                                   øàíèÿ âëàñòÿì: íî ëþäè
ðàâíû ïåðåä áîãîì è íà
                Ïåðåñâåòîâ                               Çåìëå.
                 Òàòèùåâ                                  Âûñòóïëåíèå
ïðîòèâ äóõîâ-
íîé äèêòàòóðû öåðêâè, îò-
ðèöàíèå íàñèëèÿ.
Èäåÿ î ñóâåðåííîñòè ðóñ-
ñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà è âåðõî-
âåíñòâà öàðñêîé âëàñòè.                                   
           
 
 
                                        Ýïîõà âîçðîæäåíèÿ
                                         ñ XIV â. äî XVIII â.
                          
                                                                            
Îñâîáîæäåíèå
ïîëèòè÷åñêîé
                                                                     
íàóêè îò òåîëîãèè, îáîñíîâà-
                                                                     
íèå èäåè åñòåñòâåííîãî ïðî-
                                                                      èñõîæäåíèÿ
ãîñóäàðñòâà.
                                                                     
Ââåäåíèå ïîíÿòèÿ “ ãîñóäàð-
                                                                     
ñòâî”. Ñîçäàíèå ó÷åíèÿ î ãî-
                                                                     
ñóäàðñòâå.
                                                                     
Îáîñíîâàíèå ôîðì áóðæóàç-
                                                                     
íîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà.
                                                                     
Çàðîæäåíèå áóðæóàçíîé ïî-
                                                                     
ëèòèêî - ïðàâîâîé ìûñëè.
             
Í. Ìàêèàâåëëè
             
Ò. Ìîð                                           Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ó÷åíèÿ î
          Ò. Êàìïàíåëëà                              ãðàæäàíñêîì îáùåñòâå
                                          Ò. Ãîááñ                                        
òåîðèè îáùåñòâåííîãî äî-
             
 Á. Ñïèíîçà                                    ãîâîðà,
ïðèíöèïå ðàçäåëå-
                
Ä. Ëîêê                                              íèÿ âëàñòåé.
                                                                             
Âîçíèêíîâåíèå
èäåé óòî-
                                                                      
ïè÷åñêîãî ñîöèàëèçìà.
                                                                    
Ïðàâîçãëàøåíèå èäåé ãó-
                                                                     ìàíèçìà, ïðàâ è ñâîáîä
                                                                    
÷åëîâåêà.
                                                                    
Ïðèçíàíèå çàêîíîìåðíîñòè
                                                                    
ñìåíû ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî
                                                                    
ïðàâëåíèÿ.
                                     Ýïîõà ïðîñâåùåíèÿ
                         \ Ïåðèîä óòâåðæäåíèÿ êàïèòàëèçìà
                           â ñòðàíàõ Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû
                                  XVII - XVIII â. â. \
                                                                  Ðàçâèòèå èäåè î
                                                                       
ãðàæäàíñêîì îá-
                                                                       
ùåñòâå.
         Ä. Ëîêê                                            Öåëüþ ãîñóäàðñòâà
         Æ. Ðóññî                                             
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîõðàíåíèå
         Âîëüòåð                                                ñâîáîäû è
ñîáñòâåí-                            
         Ø. Ìîíòåñêüå                                            íîñòè,  ïðèîáðåòåí-  
         Ò. Ãîááñ                                           íîé ïîñðåäñòâîì
         Ô.
Áýêîí                                         
òðóäà.
        
Ãîëüáàõ
        
Ãåëüâåöèé                                       Ëþäè ñàìè ìîãóò
        
è  äð.                                                 èçìåíèòü
ñóùåñò-       
                                                                  
âóþùèé ïîðÿäîê.
         
                                                                 
Áîðîòüñÿ çà ãðàæ-
                                                                 
äàíñêèå ñâîáîäû è
                                                                 
ðàâåíñòâî ëþäåé.                
                            Ýïîõà ðàçâèòèÿ êàïèòàëèçìà
                             \ êîíåö XVIII - íà÷.  XIX â. \
                                                 
                                                               Ïîëèòîëîãèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ
                                                                    
ó÷åáíîé äèñöèïëèíîé.
            
Ø. Ìîíòåñêüå                              Ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêîå
            
È. Êàíò                                         ó÷åíèå î ãîñóäàðñòâå,
             Ôèõòå                                            ãðàæäàíñêîì îáùåñòâå, î
            
Øåëëèíã                                       ðàçäåëåíèè â
îáùåñòâå
            
Ãåãåëü                                           çàêîíîäàòåëüíîé, èñïîë-
                                                                   
íèòåëüíîé è ñóäåáíîé
                                                                   
âëàñòåé, ñóâåðåíèòåòå,
                                                                   
ìèðîâîì äóõå.               
                            Ïåðèîä óòâåðæäåíèÿ êàïèòàëèçìà
                                     \ XVIII - XIX  â. â.
\
                                                                    
Ðåçêàÿ êðèòèêà êàïèòà-
                                                                    
ëèçìà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå
                                                                    
íîâîãî îáùåñòâåííîãî
                                                                    
óñòðîéñòâà.
                                                                    
Îòðèöàíèå ÷àñòíîé ñîáñò-
                                                                     âåííîñòè â ïîëüçó
îáùåñò-
                   
Ñ. Ñåí - Ñèìîí                         
âåííîé.
                                                                    
Òðóä - ïåðâàÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü
                  
Ø. Ôóðüå                                
ëè÷íîñòè.
                                                                    
Ñîöèàëüíîå ðàâåíñòâî è
                  
Ð. Îóýí                                    ñîö. Ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü.   
                                                                     Îòðèöàíèå ðåâîëþöèè.
                                                                    
Ðàâíîïðàâèå æåíùèíû è
                                                                    
ìóæ÷èíû.
 
          
                   
  Òåîðèè ðåâîëþöèîííîãî ïåðåóñòðîéñòâà
                            îáùåñòâà â Ðîññèè  \ XIX â. \
                                                                   
Èäåàë îáùåñòâà, ãäå íå
                                                                    áóäåò áîãàòûõ è áåäíûõ,
                                                                   
öàðåé è ïîääàííûõ. Ëþäè
                                                                   
áóäóò áðàòüÿ.
                                                                     
\ Áåëèíñêèé \
                                                                  
Ðåâîëþöèîííûé ïóòü îá-
                                                                  
íîâëåíèÿ îáùåñòâà ëåæèò
          Â. Ã.
Áåëèíñêèé                            
÷åðåç îáùèíó.
                                                                    
\ Ãåðöåí \
          À.
È. Ãåðöåí
                                                                 
Îãðàíè÷åíèå ÷àñòíîé ñîáñò-
          Í. Ã. ×åðíûøåâñêèé                       âåííîñòè, íàåìíîãî òðóäà,
                                                                 
Ðàçâèòèå êîëëåêòèâíîãî
          Í.
À. Äîáðîëþáîâ                       
âëàäåíèÿ.
                                                                   \ ×åðíûøåâñêèé \
                                                                 
Çíà÷åíèå ÷åëîâåêà ïî åãî
                                                                 
ëè÷íûì äîñòîèíñòâàì. Ðàñï-
                                                                 
ðåäåëåíèå ìàòåðèàëüíûõ
                                                                 
áëàã ïî òðóäó.
                                                                  
\ Äîáðîâîëüñêèé \                    
   
                                   Ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ ìûñëü
                      Ê. Ìàðêñà è Ô. Ýíãåëüñà \ XIX â. \
                 
Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòü óíè÷òîæåíèÿ
                 
êàïèòàëèçìà è ïîñòðîåíèÿ êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîãî
                 
îáùåñòâà.
                
Òåîðèÿ êëàññîâîé áîðüáû, èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ ìèñ-
                
ñèÿ ïðîëåòîðèàòà, åãî ñùþçíèêîâ.
                
Îáúÿñíåíèå ïîëèòèêè ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ êëàññîâû
                
èíòåðåñîâ
               
                
Íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîçäàíèÿ ïðîëåòàðñêîé ïàðòèè,
                
åå àâàíãàðäíîé ðîëè.
                
                
Òåîðèÿ è òèïîëîãèÿ ñîöèàëüíûõ ðåâîëþöèé.
      
                
Îïðåäåëåíèå èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ðàìîê ãîñóäàðñòâà.   
  
                                 Ðàçðàáîòêà ïîëèòè÷åñêîé òåîðèè
                             Â. È. Ëåíèíûì \ êîíåö XIX- íà÷. XXâ. \
                          Îöåíêà èìïåðèàëèçìà êàê êàíóíà ñîöèàëüíîé
                          ðåâîëþöèè.
                       
                          Òåîðèÿ ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà îò êàïèòàëèçìà
ê
                           ñîöèàëèçìó.  
                           Ðàçðàáîòêà ïëàíîâ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî
                           ñòðîèòåëüñòâà
                          
                           Òåîðèÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ñîöèàëèçìà è
                            ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà.
                         
                         
                          Ó÷åíèå î ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè ðåâîëþöèîí-
                          íîãî òèïà.
                         
                          Ïðèîðèòåò èíòåðåñîâ îáùåñòâåííîãî
ðàçâèòèÿ
                          ïåðåä êëàññîâûì.
                  
                          Î ìèðíîì ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèè êëàññîâî -
ïðîòè-
                          âîïîëîæíûõ ñèñòåì.  
                          Î íàöèîíàëüíîé ïîëèòèêå ïðîëåòàðñêîãî
                           ãîñóäàðñòâà.
                                           Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ýïîõà
         
Àðåíäò
         
Áåðäÿåâ
          Áæåçèíñêèé                                         Çàïàäíûå
         
Áóðëàöêèé                                           ïîëèòè÷åñêèå
         
Âåáåð                                                    äîêòðèíû.
          Âÿòð                                                      Ïîëèòè÷åñêèå
         
Äàðåíäîðô                                           äîêòðèíû
         
Äþâåðêå                                               ñîöèàë - äåìîêðàòîâ.
          Èñòîí                                                   Ïîëèòè÷åñêèå
          Ìàðêóçå                                               àñïåêòû
          Ëàññóýëë                                               ðåëèãèè.
          Ìèõåëüñ                                               Äîêòðèíû
         
Ìîñêà                                                   ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî
         
Ñàíèñòáàí                                            ýêñòðåìèçìà.
          Òèõîìèðîâ                                           Ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ
         
Ôðîìì                                                  ñèñòåìà
         
Øàðàí                                                  ñîöèàëèçìà.
         
Øàõíàçàðîâ
         
Øâàðöåíáåðã                                     


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