Hamlet"s Soliloquy. To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether "tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageuos fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing, end them, Todie, to sleep- No more, and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to: tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep- To sleep! perchance to dream! ay, there"s the rub, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil. Must give us pause - there"s the respect That makes calamity of so long life: LEISURE TIME AND HOBBY Many man,many minds. All people are different and so they prefer spending their free time in different ways. Some of them go the parks, forests,to the country and enjoy the beauty of nature. Others like to stay at home watching TV or reading books. There are people who are fond of cinema and theatres, so they try to go there as often as pos- sible. As for me I prefer to spend my free time in different ways. I like to go in for sports, to play football, basketball or volleyball with my friends. I like to watch TV, to listen a tape recorder and play computer games. Also I like to go for a walk in the country and enjoy the beauty of nature.And my way of spending free time is connected with my hobby. And my hobby is reading books... I"d like to say that it"s hard to imagine our life without books.Books play such a great role in the development of personality. They help as to forget our daily problems and to pretend we travel to the past, future and to many different, wonderfull places that we can"t visit in reality. I am also sure that books are our good friends and teachers. From them we get to know the life around as better, they teatch as how to tell right from wrong, to love our Motherland, to understand friendship, people"s feelings. So, they teach us how to live. As for me I like to read different kinds of books: ...... BRITISH THEATRES Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been
build around actors rather then companies. It has been hard to
find any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There
are no permanent staff in British theatres. Apply is rehearsed
for a few weeks by a company of actors working together mostly
for the first time and it is allowed to run as long as it draws
the odious and pays it's way. Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an
follows: there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an
advanced (bookable), and unbookable once have no numbers and the
spectators occupy them on the principal: first come - first
served. And ancient times plays were acted inside churches and
later on the market places. The first theatre in England "The Blackfries" build in 1576,
and "The Globe" build in 1599, which is closely connected with
William Shakespeare. Speaking about our times we should first of
all mention "The English National theatre","The Royal Shakespeare
company" and "Covent Garden". "Covent Garden" used to be a fashionable promenade - it was,
before then, a convent garden - but when it became overrun with
flower-sellers, orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people
moved to more exclusive surroundings farther west, such as "St.
Jame's Square". The first "Covent Garden theatre" was build in 1732. It was
burnt down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in
September 1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of
the last century "Covent Garden" became exclusively devoted to
opera. Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it is one of the
few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it
employs over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal
Ballet. THE NATIONAL THEATRE It took over the hundred years to establish a national
theatre company. It's first director from 1962 was Lawrence
Olivier. This is the first state theatre Britain has ever had. A
special building for it was opened in 1976. It has three theatres
in one: "The Oliver theatre", the biggest is for the main
classical repertoire; "The Lyttilton", a bit smaller is for new
writing and for visiting foreigh countries and "The Cottesloe
theatre", the smallest is used for experimental writing and
productions. "The Royal Shakespeare company" are devided between
the country and the capital and it's produces plays mainly by
Shakespeare and his contempraries when it performs is "Stratford
-on-Avon", and modern plays in it's two auditoria in the Cities,
Barbican centre.
MY FUTURE PROFESSION What I would like to become? This question pasels me
greatly. Every job has its elements of difficulties and interest.
I think that nearly all the professions are very important in
life. But to choose the right occupation is very difficult,
because we must take in to consideration many factors. We must
consider our personal taste and our kind of mind. At the same
time we must satisfy the requirements of our society and peoples
needs in one profession or another. The end of school is the beginning of an independent life,
the beginning of a more serious examination. In order to pass
that very serious exam we must choose the road in life which will
help us best to live and work. Each boy and girl has every
opportunity to develop mind and use knowledge and education
received at school. Some may prefer to work in factories or
works, others want to go into construction: to take part in
building power stations and new towns. Many opportunities to work
and to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society
and your own personal interest are offered in the sfere of the
services transport, communications and many others. I have a specially liking for to became a programmist. I
like this profession because it very interest.
BRITISH EDUCATION
British education emas us to develop
fully the abilities of
individuals, for
their own benefit and of society as a whole.
Compulsory
schooling takes place between the
agers of 5
and
16,
but some pupils remain at shool for 2 years more, to prepare
for
further higher education. Post shool
education is organized
flaxebly,
to provide a wide range of opportunities for academic
and
vacational education and to
continue studying through
out
life.
Administration of state
schools is decentralised. The
department
of education and science is responsible for national
education
policy, but it doesn't run any
schools, if doesn't
employ
teachers, or prescribe corricular or textbooks. All shools
are
given a considerable amount of freedom.
According to the law
only
one subject is compulsary. That is religious instruction.
Children recieve preschool education
under the age of 5 in
nursery
schools or in infant's classes in primary schools.
Most pupils receive free education
finenst from public fonds
and
the small proportions attend schools wholy independent. Most
independent
schools are single-sex, but the
number of mixing
schools
is growing.
Education within the
mantained schools system
usually
comprises
two stages: primary and secondary education.
Primary
schools
are subdevided into
infant schools (ages 5 - 7), and
junior schools
(ages 7 - 11). Infant schools are informal and
children
are encouraged to read, write and make
use of
numbers
and
develop the creative abilities. Primary children do all their
work
with the same class teacher exept for PT and music. The work
is
beist upon the pupils interests as far as possible.
The junior stage extence over four years.
Children have set
pirits
of arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography
nature
study and others. At this stage of
schooling pupils were
often
placed in A, B, C and D streams
according their abilities.
The
most able children were put in the A stream, the list able in
the
D stream. Till reccantly most
junior shool children had to
seat
for the eleven-plus examination. It
usually consisted of an
arithmetic
paper and an entelligent test.
According to the results of the exam
children are sent to
Grammar,
Technical or Secondary modern schools.
So called comprehansive schools began to
appear after World
War
2. They are muchly mixed schools which
can provide education
for
over 1000 pupils. Ideally they provide
all the courses given
in
Grammar, Technical and Secondary modern schools.
By the law all children must
receive full-time education
between
the ages of 5 and 16. Formally
each child can remain a
school
for a further 2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the
sixth
form up to the age
of 18 or 19. The course is
usually
subdevided
into the lower 6 and the upper 6.
The corricular is
narrowed
to 5 subjects of which a pupil can choose 2 or 3.
The main
examinations for secondary
school pupils are
general certeficate
of education (the GCE) exam and certificate
of
secondary education (the CSE) exam. The
GSE exam is held at
two
levels: ordinary level
(0 level) and
advanced level (A
level).
Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 -
16 years away. GCE
level
is usually taken at the end on the sixth
form. The CSE
level
exam is taken after 5 years of secondary education by the
pupils
who are of everage abilities of their age.
MY FUTURE PROFESSION
What I
would like to
become? This question
pasels me
greatly.
Every job has its elements of difficulties and interest.
I
think that nearly all the professions
are very important
in
life. But
to choose the
right occupation is very
difficult,
because
we must take in to consideration many
factors. We must
consider our
personal taste and our kind of
mind. At the same
time
we must satisfy the requirements of our society and peoples
needs
in one profession or another.
The end of school is the beginning of
an independent life,
the beginning
of a more serious
examination. In order to pass
that
very serious exam we must choose the road in life which will
help us
best to live
and work. Each boy and girl has every
opportunity
to develop mind and
use knowledge and
education
received at
school. Some may
prefer to work in factories or
works,
others want to go into construction: to take part
in
building
power stations and new towns. Many opportunities to work
and
to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society
and
your own personal interest are
offered in the sfere of the
services
transport, communications and many others.
I have
a specially liking for to became a programmist. I
like
this profession because it very interest.
ART GALLEREYS OF LONDON
Speaking about art gallereys of London we
should first of all
mention The
national gallery, The national
portret galerey and
The
tate gallery. I would like to tell you about National portret
gallery
and about Tate gallery.
The national gallery houses one of
the richest and
most
extensive
collections of painting in the world.
It stands to the
north
of the Trafalgar Square. the gallerey
was desighned by
William Wilkins and build in 1834-37. The collection covers all
schools
and periods of painting, but is a
specially famous for
it's examples
of Rembrant and Rubents. The british schools is
only
moderately represented as
the national collections
are
shared
with the Tate gallerey. The National
gallerey was founded
in
1824 when the government bought
the collection of
John
Angerstein
which included 38 paintings.
The Tate gallery houses the national
collection of british
painting from
the 16-th century to the present day.
It is also
the
national gallerey for modern art,
including painting and
sculpture
made in Britain, Europe, America and other countries.
It
was opened in 1897 as the national gallerey of british art. It
owes it's establishment to Suie Henritate who
built the gallerey
and
gave his own collection of 65 painting.
BRITISH THEATRES
Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been
build
around actors rather then companies. It
has been hard to
find
any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There
are
no permanent staff in British theatres.
Apply is rehearsed
for a
few weeks by a company of actors
working together mostly
for
the first time and it is allowed to run as long as it draws
the
odious and pays it's way.
Another peculiarity of the theatres in
Great Britain is an
follows: there
are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an
advanced
(bookable), and unbookable once have no
numbers and the
spectators occupy
them on the
principal: first come - first
served. And ancient times plays were acted
inside churches and
later
on the market places.
The first theatre in England "The
Blackfries" build in 1576,
and "The
Globe" build in 1599, which
is closely connected with
William
Shakespeare. Speaking about our times
we should first of
all
mention "The English National theatre","The Royal Shakespeare
company"
and "Covent Garden".
"Covent Garden" used to be a
fashionable promenade - it was,
before
then, a convent garden - but when it
became overrun with
flower-sellers, orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the
people
moved
to more exclusive surroundings farther west,
such as "St.
Jame's
Square".
The first "Covent Garden
theatre" was build in 1732. It was
burnt
down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in
September
1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of
the last
century "Covent
Garden" became exclusively devoted to
opera.
Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it
is one of the
few
well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it
employs over
600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal
Ballet.
THE NATIONAL THEATRE
It took over the
hundred years to establish a national
theatre
company. It's first director from
1962 was Lawrence
Olivier. This is the first state theatre Britain has
ever had. A
special
building for it was opened in 1976. It has three theatres
in
one: "The Oliver theatre", the biggest is
for the main
classical
repertoire; "The
Lyttilton", a bit smaller is for
new
writing
and for visiting foreigh countries and
"The Cottesloe
theatre", the
smallest is used
for experimental writing and
productions. "The Royal Shakespeare company"
are devided between
the country
and the capital and it's produces plays mainly by
Shakespeare
and his contempraries when it performs is
"Stratford
-on-Avon", and modern plays in it's two auditoria in
the Cities,
Barbican
centre.
MOSCOW THEATRES
For decades Moscow has
had a reputation as a
city of
theatres. The birth plays of the historic
"Bolshoy", "Maly"
and
"Moscow
Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for
the development exploretary modern ideas in the
dramatic art and
is
famous for it's great number
of highlygifted, interesting
directors,
actors, playwrigts and artists.
Every evening the doors of Moscow
theatres open to streams
of
theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to
developing
the principals of directing and acting
laid down by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold,
Nemerovich-Danchenko,
Vachtangov and
others. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres
today
exists
due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations.
I'd like to tell you about the Bolshoy
Theatre. The magestic
building
of the
Bolshoy Theatre stands
in Theatre Square in
Moscow's
central quater, not far
from Kremlin. This
is the
leading Russian
opera house with
the best vocalists
and
choreographers
in it's company.
The Bolshoi traces it's history
to 1776 when a standing
opera
company was organized in Moscow. The
first opera shown in
Bolshoi theatre was opera "life of tsar"
(now "Ivan Susanin").At
later
times operas by Dargomyzhsky,
Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin,
Moussorgsky,
Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here.
At the same time the Bolshoi company
staged the best operas
and ballets by West European
composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber,
Verdi
and others.
The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the
world's
finest. This is equally true of it's
brilliant realistic
style
of perfomance and repertoire.
MY FAVORITE PAINTER
One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is
the greatest Dutch
master, one
of the supreme geneuses in the
history of art. To
this
day the art of Rembrant remains one
of the most profound
witness of
the progress of the soul in it's
earthly pilgrimage
towards
the realisation of
higher destiny. The
son of the
prosperous miller,
Rembrant was born
in Leiden in 1608. He
studied
at Leiden University, but his real vocation was painting.
His
rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631.
In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house,
started a collection
of paintings and rarities. The universal artist dealt with many
world
subjects. Rembrant created a number of
portraits and some
group
portraits which were traditional to the Dutch art. The best
of
them are "Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp" and "The night
watch".
In 1655
Rembrant found himself
in the midst of several
financial
troubles. At that period he painted "The Polish Rider",
which
is an allegory of the man's earthly journey.
Probably in 1669, the
year of his
own death, Rembrant
painted his famous "Return of the Prological
son", which stands
at
the ultimate peak of Cristian spirituality,
illuminating the
relationship
of the self to the eternity.
The biblical theme was very important to
Rembrant. He painted
"Artakserks,
Oman and Eshpir", "The Saint Family".
Rembrant was not understood when he was
alive. He died in
poverty.
But it is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes
Rembrant
from his Dutch contemporaries making
him the greatest
artist
of the world.
ART IN MOSCOW
Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we
must mention the
most
famous gallereys.
The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the
best known picture
gallereys in Russia.
It takes it's name from it's founder Pavel
Tretyakov,
a Moscow mercant. In the 19'th century Tretyakov began
to collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and
art
studios and bought the
best pictures. Little
by little
Tretyakov extended
his interests and began to collect earlier
Russian
paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in
St. Peterburg to
the public,
11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow.
Since
then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from oter
museums
and private collections. The Tretyakov
gallerey reflects
the
whole history of Russian paintings from 11'th century to the
present
day.
Also I'd like to tell you about state
pushkin museum of fine
art.
The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898
-
1912 to house a museum of fine art,
founded of initiative of
professor
Ivan Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin
museum
of fine art. It has one of the
worlds largest ancient
collections
of european art. Now the picture
gallerey has over 2
thousands
works of various schools of painting which enaibous us
to understand
and appreciate the
variaty of staills over the
centuries.
The Pushkin museum pereodically hald's exibition of the art
of
various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past
and
present.
THEATRES, MUSIC HALLS AND
CINEMAS
Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else;
the
chief theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End.
If you
are staying in
London for a few days, you'll
have no
difficulty
whatever in finding somewhere to
spend an enjoyable
evening.
You'll find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue, musical
comedy
and variety. Films are shown in
the cinemas during the
greatest
part of the day.
The best seats at theatres are those
in the stalls, the
circle
and the upper circle. Then comes the
pit, and the last of
all
the gallery where the seats are cheapest.
Boxes, of course,
are the most expensive. Most theatres and music halls have good
orchestras
with popular conductors.
You ought to make a
point of going to the opera at least
once
during the season if you can. There you
can get the best of
everything
- an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated
singers
and well dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not
fond
of music and singing, won't interest you.
At the West End theatres you can see
most of the
famous
English actors
and actresses. As a rule,
the plays are
magnificently
staged - costumes, dresses,
scenery, everything
being done
of the most lavish scale. Choose a good play, and
you'll
enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes
up
to the end of the last act. Get your
seats beforehand, either
at
the box-office of theatre itself or at one
of the agencies.
When
you go to a theatre, you'll probably want to seat as near to
the
stage as possible. But if you are
at the
cinema, you may
prefer to seat some distance from the screen. In fact,
I would
say,
the further away the better.
LONDON, Jack
(1876-1916).
The
novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime, one of the
most popular authors in the world. After World War I his fame was eclipsed in
the United States by a new generation of writers, but he remained popular in
many other countries, especially in the Soviet Union, for his romantic tales of
adventure mixed with elemental struggles for survival.
John
Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876. His family was
poor, and he was forced to go to work early in life to support himself. At 17
he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting voyage. He was largely
self-taught, reading voluminously in libraries and spending a year at the
University of California. In the late 1890s he joined the gold rush to the
Klondike. This experience gave him material for his first book, 'The Son of
Wolf', published in 1900, and for 'Call of the Wild' (1903), one of his most
popular stories.
In his
writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many short stories. He
wrote mostly for money, to meet ever-increasing expenses. His fame as a writer
gave him a ready audience as a spokesman for a peculiar and inconsistent blend
of socialism and racial superiority.
London's
works, all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The best books are the
Klondike tales, which also include 'White Fang' (1906) and 'Burning Daylight'
(1910). His most enduring novel is probably the autobiographical 'Martin Eden'
(1909), but the exciting 'Sea Wolf' (1904) continues to have great appeal for
young readers.
In 1910
London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif., where he intended to build his dream
home, "Wolf House." After the house burned down before completion in
1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov. 22, 1916, from an
overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide.
1.
1995
2.
1995
3.
(, )
4.
Scooter ~Our happy hardcore~ + MPC game part
5.
Comptons
Interactive Encyclopedia
6.
Warcraft
2 and Command & Conquer (new missions)
7.
Software
Windows 95
8.
Z and
Gender wars
9.
!...
18
1908 S3Trio64UV+ driver utility S3Trio64UV+
British
education
British education emas us to develop fully the abilities of individuals, for their own
benefit and of society as a whole. Compulsory schooling takes place between
the agers of
5 and 16, but some pupils remain
at shool for 2 years more,
to prepare for further higher
education. Post shool education is organized flaxebly, to provide
a wide range of opportunities for academic and vacational education and
to continue studying through out life.
Administration of state
schools is decentralised. The department of
education and science is
responsible for national education policy,
but it doesn't run any schools,
if doesn't employ teachers, or
prescribe corricular or textbooks. All shools are given a considerable amount
of freedom. According to the law only
one subject is compulsary. That is religious instruction.
Children recieve preschool education
under the age of 5 in nursery schools or in infant's classes in
primary schools.
Most pupils receive free education finenst from public fonds
and the small proportions attend
schools wholy independent. Most
independent schools are single-sex,
but the number
of mixing schools is growing.
Education within the mantained
schools system usually comprises two stages:
primary and secondary education.
Primary schools are
subdevided into infant
schools (ages 5 - 7), and
junior schools (ages
7 - 11). Infant schools are
informal and children are encouraged to read,
write and make use of numbers and develop the creative abilities.
Primary children do all their work with the same class teacher exept for PT and
music. The work is beist upon the pupils interests as far as possible.
The junior stage extence over four years.
Children have set pirits of
arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography nature study and others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A, B, C and D
streams according their abilities. The
most able children were put in the A stream, the list able in the D stream.
Till reccantly most junior shool
children had to seat for the eleven-plus examination. It usually consisted of an arithmetic paper and an entelligent
test. According to the results of the exam children are sent to Grammar, Technical or Secondary modern
schools. So called comprehansive
schools began to appear after World War
2. They are muchly mixed schools which
can provide education for over 1000 pupils.
Ideally they provide all the courses given in Grammar, Technical and
Secondary modern schools.
By the law all children must
receive full-time education between the ages
of 5 and 16. Formally each child
can remain a school for a further 2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the
sixth form up to the age
of 18 or 19. The course is
usually subdevided into the lower 6 and the upper 6. The corricular is narrowed to 5 subjects of which a pupil
can choose 2 or 3.
The main
examinations for secondary
school pupils are general certeficate of education
(the GCE) exam and certificate of secondary education (the CSE) exam. The GSE
exam is held at two levels:
ordinary level (0 level) and advanced level (A level).
Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 -
16 years away. GCE level is usually
taken at the end on the sixth
form. The CSE level exam is taken after 5 years of
secondary education by the pupils who are of everage abilities of their age.
My future profession
What I
would like to
become? This question
pasels me greatly. Every job has
its elements of difficulties and interest. I think that nearly all the
professions are very
important in life. But
to choose the
right occupation is very
difficult, because we must take in to consideration many factors.
We must consider our
personal taste and our kind of
mind. At the same time we must satisfy
the requirements of our society and
peoples needs in one profession or another.
The end of school is the beginning of
an independent life, the
beginning of a more serious examination. In order to pass that very serious exam we
must choose the road in life which will help
us best to
live and work.
Each boy and girl has every opportunity to develop mind
and use knowledge
and education received at
school. Some may
prefer to work in factories or
works, others want to go into construction: to take part
in building power stations and new towns. Many opportunities to work and
to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society and your own
personal interest are offered in
the sfere of the services transport, communications and many others.
I have
a specially liking for to became a programmist. I like this profession because it very
interest.
Art gallereys of London
Speaking about art gallereys of London we
should first of all mention The national gallery, The national portret galerey and The tate gallery. I would like
to tell you about National portret gallery and about Tate gallery.
The national gallery houses one of
the richest and
most extensive collections of painting in the world. It stands to the north of the Trafalgar
Square. the gallerey was desighned
by William Wilkins and build in
1834-37. The collection covers all
schools and periods of painting, but is
a specially famous for it's
examples of Rembrant and Rubents. The british schools is only moderately represented
as the national collections are shared with the Tate gallerey. The National gallerey was founded in
1824 when the government bought
the collection of
John Angerstein which included 38 paintings.
The Tate gallery houses the national
collection of british painting
from the 16-th century to the
present day. It is also the national
gallerey for modern art,
including painting and sculpture made in Britain, Europe,
America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as the national
gallerey of british art. It owes it's
establishment to Suie Henritate who built the gallerey and gave his own
collection of 65 painting.
British theatres
Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build around actors
rather then companies. It has been hard
to find any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff in British
theatres. Apply is
rehearsed for a few
weeks by a company of actors working together mostly for the first time
and it is allowed to run as long as
it draws the odious and pays
it's way.
Another peculiarity of the theatres in
Great Britain is an follows:
there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced
(bookable), and unbookable once have no
numbers and the spectators occupy them
on the principal: first come -
first served. And ancient times plays
were acted inside churches and later on the market places.
The first theatre in England "The
Blackfries" build in 1576, and
"The Globe" build in
1599, which is closely connected with
William Shakespeare. Speaking about our
times we should first of all mention "The English National
theatre","The Royal Shakespeare company" and "Covent
Garden".
"Covent Garden" used to be a
fashionable promenade - it was, before then,
a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers,
orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive
surroundings farther west, such as "St. Jame's Square".
The first "Covent Garden
theatre" was build in 1732. It was
burnt down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in September
1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of the last
century "Covent
Garden" became exclusively devoted to opera.
Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it
is one of the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it
employs over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet.
THE NATIONAL THEATRE
It
took over the hundred years to establish a national
theatre company. It's first
director from 1962
was Lawrence Olivier. This is
the first state theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for it was
opened in 1976. It has three theatres in one:
"The Oliver
theatre", the biggest
is for the main classical
repertoire; "The
Lyttilton", a bit smaller is for
new writing and for visiting foreigh
countries and "The
Cottesloe theatre",
the smallest is
used for experimental writing and productions. "The Royal Shakespeare company"
are devided between the country and
the capital and it's produces
plays mainly by Shakespeare and his contempraries when it performs is "Stratford -on-Avon", and modern plays in it's two auditoria in
the Cities, Barbican centre.
Moscow
theatres
For decades Moscow has
had a reputation as a
city of theatres. The birth plays of the historic
"Bolshoy", "Maly"
and "Moscow Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for
the development exploretary modern
ideas in the dramatic art and is famous for it's great number of
highlygifted, interesting
directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.
Every evening the doors of Moscow
theatres open to streams of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow
theatres devoded themselves to developing the principals of directing and
acting laid down by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov
and others. The discoveries and
successes of Moscow theatres today exists due to experience and triumphs
of preceding generations.
I'd like to tell you about the Bolshoy
Theatre. The magestic building of
the Bolshoy Theatre
stands in Theatre Square in Moscow's central quater, not
far from Kremlin.
This is the leading Russian opera house
with the best
vocalists and choreographers in
it's company.
The Bolshoi traces it's history
to 1776 when a standing opera
company was organized in Moscow. The
first opera shown in Bolshoi theatre was opera "life of tsar"
(now "Ivan Susanin"). At later times operas by Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky,
Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here.
At the same time the Bolshoi company
staged the best operas and ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini,
Weber, Verdi and others.
The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world's
finest. This is equally true of it's
brilliant realistic style of perfomance and repertoire.
My
favorite painter
One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is
the greatest Dutch master, one of
the supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this day the art of Rembrant remains one of
the most profound witness of the progress of the soul in it's earthly
pilgrimage towards the realisation of
higher destiny. The
son of the prosperous
miller, Rembrant was
born in Leiden in 1608. He studied at Leiden University, but his real vocation was
painting. His rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631.
In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house,
started a collection of paintings and
rarities.
The
universal artist dealt with many world subjects. Rembrant created a number of portraits and some group portraits which were traditional
to the Dutch art. The best of them are "Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp"
and "The night watch".
In 1655
Rembrant found himself
in the midst of several financial troubles. At that period he painted
"The Polish Rider", which is an allegory of the man's earthly
journey.
Probably in 1669, the
year of his
own death, Rembrant painted his famous "Return of the Prological son", which stands at the ultimate peak of
Cristian spirituality,
illuminating the relationship of
the self to the eternity.
The biblical theme was very important to
Rembrant. He painted "Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir", "The Saint
Family".
Rembrant was not understood when he was
alive. He died in poverty. But it
is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes Rembrant from his Dutch
contemporaries making him the
greatest artist of the world.
Art in Moscow
Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow
we must mention the most famous gallereys.
The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the
best known picture gallereys in
Russia. It takes it's name from it's
founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant. In the 19'th century Tretyakov began
to collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and art
studios and bought the
best pictures. Little
by little Tretyakov extended
his interests and began to collect earlier Russian
paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in
St. Peterburg his collection to
the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since then
the gallerey has received hundred paintings from other museums and private collections. The Tretyakov gallerey reflects the whole history of Russian
paintings from 11'th century to the
present day. The gallery contains such halls devon-ded to the works of 18'th
century painters, as , , . The first half of the
19'th century is reprisentive by brilliant paintings by , and
others. The gallery has the best collection of "" ,
such as , , and such
great names as
, , , .
Also I'd like to tell you about state
pushkin museum of fine art. The building was built in Greek stile by Roman
Klein in 1898 - 1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded of
initiative of professor Ivan
Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin museum of fine art. It has one of the worlds largest
ancient collections of european art.
Now the picture gallerey has over 2 thousands works of various schools
of painting which enaibous us to understand
and appreciate the
variaty of staills over the centuries.
The Pushkin museum pereodically hald's exibition of the art of various
countries and of individual outstanding artist of past and present.
Theatres,
music halls and cinemas
Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else; the chief theatres
,music halls and cinemas are in the West
End. If you are
staying in London for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whatever in
finding somewhere to spend an
enjoyable evening. You'll find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue,
musical comedy and variety. Films are
shown in the cinemas during
the greatest part of the day.
The best seats at theatres are those
in the stalls, the circle and
the upper circle. Then comes the pit,
and the last of all the gallery where the seats are cheapest. Boxes,
of course, are the most
expensive. Most theatres and music
halls have good orchestras with popular conductors.
You ought to make a
point of going to the opera at least once during the season if you
can. There you can get the best of
everything - an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and
well dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not fond of music and
singing, won't interest you.
At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses.
As a rule, the plays
are magnificently staged -
costumes, dresses, scenery,
everything being done of
the most lavish scale. Choose a
good play, and you'll enjoy yourself
thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the
box-office of theatre itself or at one
of the agencies. When you go to a theatre, you'll probably want to seat
as near to the stage as possible. But if
you are at the cinema,
you may prefer to seat some distance from the screen. In fact,
I would say, the further away the better.
Music in our life
Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound art images, one
of the forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force direct emotional
effect, music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge social, cultural
and educational role.
Leading composers are connected to progressive public
movements, life, interests and aspirations people. Each nations differs by
peculiar national features. Folk music, being improved by creative efforts of
many generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity. On the
basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity of composers
is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch of national culture,
national roots of art leads to its to decline and degeneration.
Idea emotional contents of music is passed through sound art
images, implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is the tune.
According to the way of performance music is devided into 2 main branches:
instrumental and vocal.
There are a great number of different styles of music, such
as Jazz, Pop, Rock, Classic; and new musical directions. One of the new music
directions is Rave. I prefer to listen hard-core and more quiet music such as
Roxette and others.
Now days the number of music styles is growing, and every
young people, which are fond of music can easily choose that style which appeals
to them.
The
use of computers
Just as television has extended human sight across a
barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human
mind across the existing barriers.
Computers
in medicine
Computers are one of the great importance in modern
hospital. The chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which has been equired
in the last 50 years. No doctor can possible keep up with all discoveries. The
only solution of the problem is store medical knowledge in a computer. Today
there are medical computer centers were all existing knowledge of simpthoms of
various dessieses and of their treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on
simpthoms in the computer and get the nessesary information on current
diagnostics and treatment.
Computers
that can be learn
Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in the
hard disk. Now scientists have desighned machines, that are capable of learning
from experience and remembarary what they have learned. Such a machine is
capable of recognising objects without human help or control. Of course, they
made many mistakes.
There is another similar machine which can look at letter
alphabet a simple words and they say thought a loudes speaker what it has
seen. The machine has as thoughtarn learning power.
Computers
at the school
Information science with the ideas and message of processing
and storing informations is of great importance today. Thats why computer
technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject basic information
science, and computing machine was intreduste for the siner through the schools. The pupils teach
computers to anlestigate school problems. Contact with the machine increases
the interest in learning, makes them more serious about studing new subject.
School computers are used not only
for studing information science, but also
examinations purposes. Young people who finish must be tried to operate
computers.
Exploration
Christopher
Columbus
300-400 years ago a
great deal of the world was undiscoveried. But now there seems little more to
explore, the wild north was conquered, the jungle was conquered too. And it
seems that all the pages of the great book called The Earth has been filled
in, but exploration still goes on.
In the 15th century people knew only 3 continents: Europe, Asia
and Africa. They knew nothing about America. The man who was thought to be the
discoverier of America was born in 1451 in Italy. His name was Cristopher Columbus.
Knowing that the earth was round he desided to reach India by
sailing to the west. It was very difficult for him to organize an expedition as
nobody wanted to help him. At last the Spanish government gave him some money.
In the 1492 he sailed with 3 small ships in to the Atlantic ocean. They had
been sailing for more than 2 months and at last they saw land. Columbus was
certain that the lands he discoveried were part of India and he called these
islands The West Indias. He made 3 voyagers to America. His last voyage was
made in 1502-1504. After that, seriously ill, he remained in Spain until his
death. He died believing that Cuba was part of Asia. Colum-buses voyagers gave
Europe first important knowledge of the new world. Many places have been named
in his honour. America however was named after another explorer Amerigo
Vespucci.
Americus Vespucius (or Amerigo Vespucci, as the name is spelled
in Italian) was born in Florence, Italy, in 1454. He was in Spain at the time
of Columbus' first and second voyages. In a letter, written in 1504 and printed
in 1505, he claimed to have made four voyages, on the first of which, in 1497,
he explored the South American coast. This would make him the first European to
land on the American continent, for at that time Columbus had only reached the
outlying islands. Most scholars reject Vespucius' version of this voyage.
Vespucius perhaps did accompany a Spanish expedition that of Alonzo de Ojeda to
South America in 1499, and in 1501 and 1503 he probably went with Portuguese
expeditions. Probably he never commanded an expedition himself and, of course,
was not the first person to set foot on the continents to which his name is
given. Vespucius died in Seville, Spain, in 1512.
Learning languages
The problem of learning
languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded
especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has
led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information.
The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign
languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information
exchange of the people of our planet.
Today English is the language of the
world. Over 350 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers
of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and
New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic,
Canada, the South African Republic. As a second language it is used in the
former British and US colonies.
It is the major international
language for communication in such areas as science, technology, business and
mass entertainment. English is one of the official languages of the United
Nations Organization and other political organization. It is the language of
the literature, education, modern music, international tourism.
Russia is integrating into the world
community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication
is espicially urgent today. Learning a foreing language is not as easy thing.
It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to
know English is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good
specialist.
It is well known that reading books
in the original , listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English
speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the
culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any
foreign language.
LONDON,
Jack (1876-1916).
The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his
lifetime, one of the most popular authors in the world. After World War I his
fame was eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he
remained popular in many other countries, especially in the Soviet Union, for
his romantic tales of adventure mixed with elemental struggles for survival.
John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876.
His family was poor, and he was forced to go to work early in life to support
himself. At 17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting voyage. He was
largely self-taught, reading voluminously in libraries and spending a year at
the University of California. In the late 1890s he joined the gold rush to the
Klondike. This experience gave him material for his first book, 'The Son of
Wolf', published in 1900, and for 'Call of the Wild' (1903), one of his most
popular stories.
In his writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and
many short stories. He wrote mostly for money, to meet ever-increasing
expenses. His fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman for a
peculiar and inconsistent blend of socialism and racial superiority.
London's works, all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The
best books are the Klondike tales, which also include 'White Fang' (1906) and
'Burning Daylight' (1910). His most enduring novel is probably the autobiographical
'Martin Eden' (1909), but the exciting 'Sea Wolf' (1904) continues to have
great appeal for young readers.
In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif., where he
intended to build his dream home, "Wolf House." After the house
burned down before completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death
on Nov. 22, 1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide.
`
Mass media.
Mass media ( that is the press, the radio and television ) play an
important role in the life of society. They inform, educate and entertain
people. They also influence the way people look at the world and make them
change their views. Mass media mould public opinion.Millions of people in their
spare time watch TV and read newspapers.
Everybody can find there something interesting for him. On the radio
one can hear music, plays, news and
various discussions or commentaries of current events. Lots radio or TV games
and films attract a large audience. Newspapers uses in different ways,but
basically they are read.
There is a lot of advertisment on mass media. Some of the TV and radio
stations and newspapers are owned by different corporations. The owners can
advertise whatever they choose.
But it is hardly fair to say that mass media do not try to raise
cultural level of the people or to develop their artistic taste. Mass media
brings to millions of homes not only entertaiment and news but also cultural
and educational programs.
There are more then six TV channels and lots of radio stations and
newspapers now in the Russian Federation.
Education in Russia
An educated person
is one who knows a lot about many things.I think it is very important that
everyone should be educated.Each pupils ought todo his best to become a useful
member of our society. Education is very important in our life. Going on
educational excursions gives us opportunities to acquire some scientific knowledge.
In the Russian
Federation the school education is compulsary. Pupils begin to go to school at
the age of six. When they complete high grades they can either continue to
study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school where they
study not only main subjects , but are able to learn some profession. When
school pupils leave school they can try to continue their educaton in
institutes or universities.
There are many
school types of schools in Russia: specialized, politecnical, musical art and
others. Nowdays appeared some new types of schools: gimnasiums and colledges.
The educational system of Great Britain.
The educational
system of G.B. is extreamely complex and bewildering.
It is very difficult to generalise about particular types of
schools as schools
differ from one to the other. The departament of education
and science is
responsible for national educational policy,but it doesnt
employe teacher or prescribe corricular or text books.
Each school has its own board of governers consisting of teachers,
parents, local politicians, members of local community, businessmen and
sometimes pupils. According to the law only one subject is compulsary. Such as
religious instruction.
Schooling for
children is compulsary from 5 to 16, though some provision is made for children
under 5 and some pupils remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher
education.
The state school
system is usually devided into 2 stages (secondary and primary).The majority of
primary schools are mixed.They are subdevided into infant schools(ages 5 to
7),and junior schools(ages 7 to11). In junior schools pupils were often placed
in A,B,C or D-streams, according to their abilities. Under the pressue of
progressive parents and teachers the 11+ examination has now been abolished in
most parts of the country. There are some types of schools in G.B.Grammar schools provided an academical
cause for selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18. Only those children who
have the best results are admitted to these schools. They give pupils a high
level of academic education wich can lead to the university.
Technical Schools offer a
general education with a technical bias and serve those pupils who are more
mecanically minded. The corricular includes more science and mathematics. Secondary modern schools were formed to
provide a non-academic education for children of lesser attainment. The
corricular includes more practical subjects. The comprehensive schools brings about a general improvement in the
system of secondary education.
Leasure time.
Everybody sometimes has a free time.
Somebody prefers only to sleep in their liesure time, but the
largest part of us prefer to do a great amount of things which are
pleasant and interesting for us. It may be reading, a various types of sport
game, watching TV, listening music and others. If we have a few day
or a week we prefer to go to the attractive places. Many peoples thing that pupils and studients have
too much liesure ,but in my opinion, they are wrong. We are very busy. Many
pupils have six or se-ven lessons a day and go to school live or six day a week.
Even during the holiday we learn our lessons after school. And we just no time
to go some-there. Oldest of us are working after school or institutes. Iam not
spend my time at school and ofter I have a free time. The large part of my free
time devote to reading. I like to read
books about another coun-tries, another times and another worlds. Also I read
books about history of our country.
Besides reading I like to do physical exercises. I and my school friends
often gather after school and play basketball, fooftball or other active games.
But my favorite hobby is travelling. Usually I travel in summer and ofter it is
a trip to the south, to the warm sea.
thing all peoples must have other occupation besides their basic work, because
it extand the bounduries of the familar world and teach us something new about
people and thing.
Customs and traditions of english speaking
countries.
Every country and every nation has its own
traditions and customs.Its very important to know traditions and customs of
different people.it will help you toknow more about the history and life of different nations and countries.One
cannot speak about england without speaking about its traditions and customs
.They are very important in the life of english people.Englishman are proud of
their traditions and carefully keep them up. There are six public holidays a
year in G.B.Cristmas day is one of their favorite holidays.Its celebrated on
the 25-th of december. There are some traditions connected with it.One of them
is to give presents to each other.It is not only choldren and members of
family.Its a tradition to give cristmas presents to the people you work
with.Another tradition is to send cristmas cards.All these cards are brightly
and coloured.Most of big cities of G.B.,especially London, are decorated with
coloured lights and cristmas trees. On Trafalgar Square,in the center of London
stands a big cristmas tree.It is a gift from the people of Oslo.It is over 50
feet high. Many families celebrate
cristmas day in the open air near the cristmas tree in order to catch the
spirit of cristmas.Children find cristmas presents in their stockings.The
traditional english dinner on cristmas is turkey and pudding. Other great
holidays are:Fathers day,Mothers day,Helloween and other.
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24
1899
(15 ):
1. Renaissance.
2. William Shakespeare.
3. Shakespeares works and Hamlets
soliloguy.
4. Enlightment.
5. Daniel Defoe.
6. Robinson Crusoe.
7. Jonathan Swift.
8. Gullivers Travels.
9. Robert Burns.
1.The Renaissance.
The Renaissance or
the revival of learning was the period then european culture was at its high.
It lasted from the 14th centure till 17th centure, and was coursed by complex
economic situation and social conditions. The feudal system was been shuttled
by the bourgeoisie, thich was getting stronger and stronger. It was more
profitable to unite under a single rouler. Absolute monacy came into being.
This lead to the forming of nations and
the true sense of the world. New social and economic conditions called for the
new ideology, because the catholic dogmas didnt correspond to the new trend of
life. For this reason in many european countries the protestant religion sprend
up and national churches were established.
Instead of the
blind face ordered by the catholic then appeared a new outlook which was called
humanism. The time demanded positive recional knowledge and this demand was
supplied: in astronomy by Copernicus, in philosophy by Tomas More, in geography
by Columbus, Vaska de Gama and others. Leonardo de Vinci was force a new feory
of art: It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind have so far
experience, a time, thich called for Giants and produced Giants in power and
thought, passion and character in universality and language.
An example of a
typical men of the Renaissance period was: the famous Englishmen sir Walter
Raleigh, he was a soldier, sailor, explorer, pirate, coloniser, historian,
thilosother and a poet. He was much interested in science and literature. He
wrote works of geography and lead expedition to South America. He was an
outstanding poet. His poems are full of profound wisdom, written with great
elegance and salacity of style. He organised of academy. Christother Marlowe
the greatest dramatist (before Shakespear). But the most important of most this
writer and one of the greatest men of this period was sir Thomas More.
Thomas More.
He came into great
favour and made a repid carrier as a statesmen, at the same time writing works
of a political, philosophical and historical character. His most famous book is
Utopie. Utopie - means no place, no there. The work is writing in latin
and devided into two books. Thomas More was the first writer in Europe to
formulate communist principals as a bases of society.
The
Renaisense in England.
The prideses of Shakespeare.
The most brilliant
period of English literature was in the second half of the 16th and begining
of 17th centure.Sometimes its called Elizabethen age after quen Elizabeth
5. England had become a geat world power. It had established wide commercial contact
with countries And rich trading company had been organaized. The english people
were now a great nation and the english language inriched was now not unlike
the language of Chaucer. Many famous poetical and prose works appeared. Among
those who inriched the literary haritage of this period ere sir Philip Sydney,
Adnond Spenser and Christother Marlowe. There were fine works of poetry and
prose in the Elizabethen age but the greatest hights of literature of this
period were riached in drama.
2. Life of Shakespeare.
The great poet and
dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by his people Our National
Bard, The Immortal. Poet of nature and The Great Unknown. More than two
hundred contemporary references to Shakespeare have been located amoung church
records, legal records, documents in the Public Record Office, and
miscellaneous repositories. When these owe assembled, we have at least the
sceleton out line of his life, begining with his baptist on April 26, 1564, in
Trinity Churche, Stratford-on-Avon, and ending
with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare native place was
Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshive, which is generally described
as beign in the middle of England.
Shakespeares
father, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford who, after holding
minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeares
mother Mary Arden, came from an affluent family of landowners.
Shakespeare
probably recieved his early education at the exellent Stratford Grammar School,
supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would have learned Latin smattering
of Greek.
In 1582
Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboring hamlet. The first
child born to Ann and William was their daughter Susanna. In about two years
Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl, Hamlet and Jidith.
Then life in
Stratford became intolerable for William Shakespeare and he dicided to go to
London and began a theatrical career. Shakespeare major activity lay in the
field of drama. He became a full shaveholder in his acting company, he was
partowner of the Globe theatre and later of the Blackfriars theatre, and in
1597 he purchased property in Strarford. Including new place, one of the
largest houses in the town. He probably refired there about 1610, travelling of
London when necessary to take cave of his theatrical business. In all, 154
sonnets seguence. The sonnets were probably written in the 1590 but were first
published in 1609.
3. Shakespeares works.
Shakespeares literary work is usually divided into three periods.
The first period of his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600.
Shakespeares comedies belong to the first period of his creativ work. They all
are written in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant poetry that conveys
the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the first period are:
Richard 3 (1592), The comedy of errors (1592), Romeo and Juliet (1594),
Julius Caesar (1599), As you like it (1599), 1600 - Twelth night.
Shakespe-ares poems are also attributed to the first period, Venus and
Adonis and Lucrece, and 154 sonnets. Venus and Adonis was the first of
Shakespeares works that came off the press. The second period of Shakespeares
creative work during from 1600 to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this
time. In the plays of this period the dramatist reaches his full maturity. He
presents great humans problems. His tragedies and historical plays made
Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissanse. Some plays of the
second period: 1601 - Hamlet, 1604 - Othello.
Shakespeares plays of the third
period are called the Romantic dramas. There is no tragic tension in these
plays. This period lasted from 1609 till 1612.
1609 - Cymbeline, 1610 - The Winters Tale, 1612 - Henry 8.
Hamlets soliloguy.
To be, or not to be, that is
the question:
Whether tis nobler in the mind to
sufler.
The slings and arrows of outrageous
fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of
troubles,
And by opposing and then. To die,
to sleep -
No more, and by a sleep to say we
end
The heart - ache, and the thousand
natural shocks
That flesh is hear to; tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wished. To die to
sleep -
To sleep! Perchance to dream! Ay,
theres the rub
For in that sleep of death what
dreams may comes,
When we have shuflled off this
mortal coil
Must give pause - theres the
respect
That makes calimity of so long
life.
4. The
Enlightment.
The history of England and second
part of the 17th centure, and during the 18th centure was marked by British
colonial, expression and struggle for the leading role in cowers. The writters
and philosofists of this age protested against the sovivals of feodalizm in
thich they saw the main evil of this time. Man they thought was vertains by
nature and wise was duty ignorence to they started a pubic movement for
enlighting the people. This movement was called the enlightment. The
enlighters belived in the power of reason and the period was also called the
age of reason. This period saw a remarkable rise in literature. English
literature of this period may be characterise by the following features: 1.The
rise of the political pamphlets and issue. The novell became the leading genre.
2. The prose style became clever gracefull and polished. 3. The hero of the
novell was no longer a prince but a representative of the middle class. 4.
Literature became very instructive.
The literature of
this age may be divided into 3 periods:
The 1st period is caracterised
by classisizm in poetry. The greatest follower of the classical style was
Alexander Pope. There appeared the first realistic novels written by Defoe and
Swift.
The 2nd peiod saw the
development of the realistic social novel, represen-tive by Richardson,
Fielding and others.
The 3rd period is marked by the
appiriense of a new trends: sentimenta-lizm. Typefed by the works of Goldsmith
and Stern. This period also saw the rise of the realistic drama (R. Sheridan).
5. Daniel Defoe.
DD was the founder of the realistic
novel. He was also a brilliant journa-list and in many ways the father of
modern English periodicals. He founded and paved the way for many magazines (
The Revue, The Spectator).
DD was born in London, his father a
butcher, was wealthy enough to give his sone a good education. D was to become
a prist, but it was his cheariched desire to become wealthy. His wished was
never fullfield. D was banckrote several times. He was always in deep debt. The
inly branch of business in which he proved succesful was journalism and
literature. When D was about 23 he started writting pamphlets on question of
the hour. He started writting pamphlets prassing King William 3, who was
supported by the whig party. D wrote a setire in woth. No matter in whose
defends his brilliant pamphlets were written they are irony was so subtle, that
the enemy didnt understand it at first. But as soon as his enemy realised the
real character of the pamphlets D was sentensed to 7 years inprisonment. It was
a cruel punishment, and when the came for him to be set free people carried him
on their shoulders.. This was the climax of his political career and the end of
it. In 1719, he tried his hand at another kind of literature - fiction, and
wrote the novel he is now best known: Robison Crusoe. After the book was
published, D became famous and rich and was able to pay his creditors in full.
Other novels which D were also very much talked about during his lifetime, but
we do not hear much about them now. For example Captain Singleton(1720), Moll
Flanders(1722).
6.
Robinson Crusoe.
Books about voyages and new
discoveries were very popular in the first quater of the 18th centure and many
stories of this then had been written but while Defoe was busy with politics he
didnt think of also trying his hand at it. However one story in in Steel
magasine attracted his attention.
It was about Scotish sailor, who lived quite alone 4 years and 4 month on a
desert island. Defoes hero, R.C., however spend 26 years on a desert island.
The novel was a prase tohuman labour and the triumph the men over the nature.
Labour and fortitude help Robinson to endure hardships. They save him from
dispair. The very process of hardwork gives his satisfaction. Rs most
characteristic tract is his optimism. His guiding prencipal in life was: never
said die and in trouble to be troubles is to have your trouble double.
7. Jonathan Swift.
(1667-1745)
JS was the greatest of English
satiriste. His better satire at the contempro-rary social order in jeneral and
an the policy of English government towards in particular. Thats why the Irish
people considered Swift the champion in the struggle for the wealthy and
freedom of their country.
JS was born in Dublin, but he came
from English family. His father died at the age of 25, liaving his wife and
daughter penuiless. His son was born seven month later after his death. The boy
knew little of his mother chearch. He hardly ever saw her, during his
childhood. J was supported by his uncle Godwin. At the age of 6 he was send to
school, which he left at 14. When he entered a college in Dublin and got his
bacheloris degree in 1686.
8. Gullivers
Travels.
In 1726 Swifts masterpiece Gullivers Travels appeared. This work
made a great sensation in Ireland as well as in England, it equally strirred
the interests of those in politics as
well as the readers of novels.
In this work Swift intended to
satirise the evils of the existing society in the form of fictions travels. It
tells of the adventures of ship surgeon, as related by himself and divided into
four parts of four voyages:
1. A voyage to Liliput.
2. A voyage to Brobdignag.
3. A voyage to Laputa.
4. A voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms.
1. The first voyage was to a strange
country Lilliput. As the result of a shipwreck Gulliver finds himself in a
country, inhabited by a race of people about six inches high. Everything else
in this country is on a correspondent scale. Swift meant this small country
with its shallow interest, corrupted laws and evil customs to symbolize the
England of the 18th centure, the court with its atmosphere of hostility,
hypocrizy and flattery where the author felt as lonely as his hero when among
the liliputians.
2. Before long Gulliver undertakes
another voyage. The ship anchors near the land of the giants to take in a
supply of water. While on shore Gulliver is captured by the giants. They are
good-natured creatures and treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his
small size and look upon him as a plaything.
Brobdingnag is an expression of
Swifts desire to find the ideal and escape from the disgusting world of the
Liliputians. The author idealizes an agricultural country ruled by ideal
monarch. Swift creates such a monarch in the king of Brobdingnag. He is clever,
honest and kind to his people. He hates wars and wants to make his people
happy.
3. The third voyage is to Laputa, a
flying island Laputa. Swifts imagination the bitterness of his satire reach their climax in the third part
where he shows the academy of sciences in Laputa (the author touches upon all
the existing sciences). It is easy enough to understand that in ridiculing the
academy of Laputa. Swift ridicults the scientists of the 18th century. The
scientists are shut in their chambers isolated from all the world.
3. In the 4th part Swift describes
Gullivers adventures at the Heuyhnhnms - a ideal land where were is neither
sickness, dishonesty, non any of the frivo-lities of human scociety. The human
race ocupies a position of servility there and a noble race of horces rules the
country by reason and justice.
Gullivers travels was one of the
greatest works of the period of the Enlightment in world literature. Swifts
democratic ideas expressed in the book had a great influence on the English
writers who came after Swift.
9.
Robert Burns.
RB is the national poet of Scotland.
Every year on his bithday scotsmen all over the world gather together for a
traditional celebration in which his memory is glorified,his poems are recited
and his song are sung. Burns poetry is loved and enjoied by all his countrymen.
They love Burns for the generosity and kindness of his nature, for his
patriotism and truthfulness. In his poems he sang the pride and dignity of the
Scotish peasantry.
Burns sang the beauty and the glory
of his native land. He gloryfield true love and friendship.
Burns was born in Alloway, near Ayr,
on the 25 of January, 1759. His father was a hard-working man and he took great
trouble to give his family all the education he could.
When Robert was 6, he was send to a
school at Alloway Miln. Robert were given a good knowledge of English.
For some years Burns worked on the
family farm. They lived very poor.
Burns wrote his first poem at the age of 14. And from then till his death his
poems and songs came out, giving delight and joy to the himself, his countrymen
and all the world around. Burns worked with his father and brothers. The death
of his father in 1784 left Burns free to chose his own kind of life, but it
also gave him new resposobilities as head of the family. As a farmer he was
unsuccessful and moved to other place - Burns published his poems in Kilmarnock
in 1786. The success was great.
Burns wrote many poems and songs.
After a short illness he died on 21st July, 1796. Millions of people all over
the world highly esteem and love Burns poems.
S. Marshak, a great soviet poet,
brought Burns to russian people throught his fine translate.
My Hearts in the Highlands.
My hearts in the Highlands,
my heart is not here;
My hearts in the Highkands,
a chasing the deer;
A-chasing the wild deer, and
following the roe -
My heart in the Highlands
wherever I go.
Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North,
The birthplace of valour, the country of worth:
Wherever I wander,
wherever I rove,
The hills of the Highlands for ever I love.
Farewell to the mountains high coverd with snow;
Farewell to the straths
and green valleys below;
Farewell to the forests and
wild-handing woods;
Farewell to the torrents and
loud pouring floods.
My hearts in the Highlands, my heart is not here;
My hearts in the Highkands, a chasing the deer;
A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe -
My heart in the Highlands wherever I go.
BRITISH THEATRES
Until reccently the history of the english theatre has
been build around actors rather then companies. It has been hard to find any
London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff
in British theatres. Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of actors
working together mostly for the first time and it is allowed to run as long as
it draws the odious and pays it's way.
Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an follows:
there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced (bookable), and
unbookable once have no numbers and the spectators occupy them on the
principal: first come - first served. And ancient times plays were acted inside
churches and later on the market places.
The first theatre in England "The Blackfries" build in 1576,
and "The Globe" build in 1599, which is closely connected with
William Shakespeare. Speaking about our times we should first of all mention
"The English National theatre","The Royal Shakespeare
company" and "Covent Garden".
"Covent Garden" used to be a fashionable promenade - it was,
before then, a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers,
orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive
surroundings farther west, such as "St. Jame's Square".
The first "Covent Garden theatre" was build in 1732. It was
burnt down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in September
1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of the last
century "Covent Garden" became exclusively devoted to opera.
Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it is one of the few
well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs over 600
people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet.
THE
NATIONAL THEATRE
It took over the hundred years to establish a national theatre company.
It's first director from 1962 was Lawrence Olivier. This is the first state
theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for it was opened in 1976. It
has three theatres in one: "The Oliver theatre", the biggest is for
the main classical repertoire; "The Lyttilton", a bit smaller is for
new writing and for visiting foreigh countries and "The Cottesloe
theatre", the smallest is used for experimental writing and productions.
"The Royal Shakespeare company" are devided between the country and
the capital and it's produces plays mainly by Shakespeare and his contempraries
when it performs is "Stratford -on-Avon", and modern plays in it's
two auditoria in the Cities, Barbican centre.
BRITISH THEATRES
Until reccently the history of the
english theatre has been
build
around actors rather then companies. It
has been hard to
find
any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There
are
no permanent staff in British theatres.
Apply is rehearsed
for a
few weeks by a company of actors
working together mostly
for
the first time and it is allowed to run as long as it draws
the
odious and pays it's way.
Another peculiarity of
the theatres in Great Britain is an
follows:
there are two kinds of seats, which
can be
booked an
advanced
(bookable), and unbookable once have no
numbers and the
spectators
occupy them on the principal:
first come -
first
served.
And ancient times plays were acted
inside churches and
later
on the market places.
The first theatre in England "The
Blackfries" build in 1576,
and
"The Globe" build in 1599,
which is closely connected with
William
Shakespeare. Speaking about our times
we should first of
all
mention "The English National theatre","The Royal Shakespeare
company"
and "Covent Garden".
"Covent Garden" used to be a
fashionable promenade - it was,
before
then, a convent garden - but when it
became overrun with
flower-sellers,
orange-vendors and vegetable-growers,
the people
moved
to more exclusive surroundings farther west,
such as "St.
Jame's
Square".
The first "Covent Garden
theatre" was build in 1732. It was
burnt
down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in
September
1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of
the
last century "Covent Garden"
became exclusively devoted to
opera.
Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it
is one of the
few
well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it
employs
over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal
Ballet.
THE NATIONAL THEATRE
It took over the hundred
years to establish
a national
theatre
company. It's first director from
1962 was Lawrence
Olivier.
This is the first state theatre Britain has ever had. A
special
building for it was opened in 1976. It has three theatres
in
one: "The Oliver theatre", the biggest is
for the main
classical
repertoire; "The
Lyttilton", a bit smaller is for
new
writing
and for visiting foreigh countries and
"The Cottesloe
theatre",
the smallest is used for
experimental writing and
productions.
"The Royal Shakespeare company" are devided between
the
country and the capital and it's
produces plays mainly by
Shakespeare
and his contempraries when it performs is
"Stratford
-on-Avon",
and modern plays in it's two auditoria
in the Cities,
Barbican
centre.
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>6r>r>r>r>>ͻ@@8@ 10. Art.
Art in my
life.
Nobody can imaging his life without art.
The role of art in our life is tremendous. Art develops in us the sense of
beauty, such qualities as kindness, sympathy, dignity. It teaches us to
hate cruelty selfishness, cowardice.
Art heips us to leave and makes our life more interesting. It develops our
cultural level. History of arts dayts back to ancient times. Art arises with
the bothof a man. All kinds of art: painting, sculture, music, literature,
theatre, architecture are closely connected with each other. Art is immortal.
Now we enjoy the best works of ancient masters of many countries. Each nation
has its own unique art. People try to express
through their works their attitude to life, describe the world around
them, espiration and thought of people living with them.
Every of us has favorite artist, but for me
there are a few famous name in the history of art. One of them is Michelangelo
Buonarotti. He was a painter, a sculptor, and architech and a poet.
Michelangelo was born in 1475 in a small
Italian town near Florence. At the age of twelve, he was apprenticed to
Ghirlandaio, a well-known Italian artist. He learnt to draw copying other artists
painting. He soon became interested in sculpture, too.
Michelangelos first great work was the
Pieta for St. Peter Cathedral. After this, in Florense, he produced his famous
statue of David. We have a copy of this statue in Pushkin Fine Art Museum.
From 1508 to 1511 he was paintng the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. People consider the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel to be one of the worlds greatest and most amasing works of
art.
Michelangelo embodied the perfect
multi-talanted Renaissance man. His influense on later artists is immense.
Art gallerys
of Moscow.
Speaking about Russian art and artist
ofcourse we must mention the most famous art gallerys.
The State Tretyacov Gallery is one of the
best known pictures galleryss in Russia. It takes its name from its founder
Pavel Tretyacov, a Moscow merchant. In the 19th century Tretyacov began to
collect R. painting. He visited all the exibitions and art studios and bought
the best pictures. Little by little Tretyacov extended his interests and began
to collect earlier Russian paintings. In 1881 Pavel Tretyacov opened in
- his collec-tion to the public, 11 years later he donated it to
the city of Moscow. Since then the gallery has resived hundred of paintings
from other museums and private collections.
The Tretyacov gallery reflects the whole
history of Russian paintings from 11 century to the presenr day. It has a reach
collections of old Russian icons, such as The Trinity by Andrey Rublev. The
gallery contains halls devon-ded to the works of 18th century painters, as
, , . The first half of 19th century is
reprisentive by brilliant pain-tings by , and others. The
gallery has the best collec-tion of , such as ʨ, ,
and such great names as , , , .
Canvasis of Russian panters are also houses
in the new building situated on ʨ .
State Pushkin Museum of Fine Art.
The building was build in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898-1912 to house a
museum of Fine Art founded of inisiative of professor -. Sins 1937
it has be known as the Pushkin museum of fine art. It has one of the worlds
largest collections of the ancient oriental, classical and western european
art. The collection has been considerable extended sins that times. The
aditions include many valuble works from others museums and private
collections, and interesting new fainds discovered during archilogical
expeditions. The picture gallery has over 2 thousans works of varios schools of
painting thich anaibols us to undestand and apprichait the viraity of stails
over the centures.
The Pushkin museum periodicaly halds
exibition of the art of varios countries and of individual outstanding artist
of past and present.
Art gallerys
of London.
National
gallery.
The National gallery houses one of the
riachest and most extensive collec-tions of painting in the world. It
stanes to the north of Trafelger
Square. The gallery was designed by William Wilkins. And build in 1834 - 1837. The collections covers all schools and
periods of painting but its especially fa-mous for its examples of
and . The British school is only
moderatly represented as the national collections are shared with the Tade
gallery. The National gallery was founded in 1824, then the Govern-ment bought
the collection of Joan Angerstein thich inclooded 38 paintings.
National
portret gallery.
The National portret gallery adjoins the
National gallery. The collection was founded in 1856 with the object of
illustration British history, literature, arts and science. By means of
portrets of the most famous men and wemen. The collection nombers over 4500
paintings, sculture and drawing represen-ting about 3500 persons. A part from
those of the Royal family no portret is
admitted untill its subject has been
dead for ten years. Only about one third of the collection is on view but any
portret can usually been show on requ-est. The portrets in the gallery are
arranged more or less in chronological or-der.
Tate
gallery.
The Tate gallery houses the national
collection of British panting from the sixteen centure to the present day. Its
also the National gallery for modern art, including painting and sculture made
in Britain, Europe, America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as the
national gallery of British art. It owes its establishment to sir Henry Tate,
who build the gallery and gave his own collection of sixty five (65) painting.
Outstanding
British artists.
William Hogarth (1697-1764) is sometimes
called the father of english painting, he created a great body of work based on english life and culture, and
work hard to improve the position of British artists.
Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) was with
Reynolds the greatest British portretist of the 18th centure. But he
personally prefer landscape painting and made a central contrebution to the
development of this important aspest of British art.
11.
Theatres.
Ling.
Theatres are very much the same in London
as anywhere else; the chief theatres, music-halls and cinemas are in the West
End. If you are staying in London for a few days, youll have no difficulty
whatever in finding some-where to spend an enjoyable evening. Youll find
opera, ballet, comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety. Films are
shown in the cinemas during the greatest part of the day.
The best seats at theatres are those in the
stalls, the circle and the upper circle. Then comes the pit, and last of all
the gallery where the seats are cheapest . Boxes, of course, are the most
expensive. Most theatres and music-halls have good orchestras with popular
conductors.
You ought to make a point of going to the opera
at least once during the season, if you can. There you can get the best of everything - an
excellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebrated singers and well-dressed
audience. But, of course, if you are not fond of music and singing, wont
interest you.
At the West End theatres you can see most
of the famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are
magnificently staged - costumes, dres-ses, scenery, everything being done of
the most lavish scale. Choose a good play, and youll enjoy yourself thoroughly
from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get you seats
beforehand, either at the box-office of theatre itself or at one of the
agencies. When you go to a theatre , youll probably want to seat as near to
the stage as possible. But if you are at a cinema, you may prefer to seat some
distance from the screen. In fact, I would say, the further away the better.
British
theatre.
Until recently the history of the english
theatre has been build around actors rather then companies. It has been hard to
find any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no
permanent staff in British theatres. Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a
company of actors working together mostly for the first time and it is allowed
to run as long as it draws the odious and pays its way.
Another peculiarity of the theatres in
Great Britain is an follows: there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked
an advanced (bookable), and unbookable once have no numbers and the spectators
occupy them on the principal: first come - first served. And ancient times
plays were acted inside churches and later on the market places.
The first theatre in England The Blackfries build in 1576, and The
Globe build in 1599, which is closely connected with William Shakespeare.
Speaking about our times we should first of all mention The English National
theatre, The Royal Shakespeare company and Covent Garden.
Covent Garden.
For generotions past greatest names in
opera have sang at Covent Garden, and The Royal Shakespeare Opera House.
The graceful Opera House, as we see it today, was opened more than a hundred
years ago. The first Covent Garden Theatre was build in 1732. Covent Garden is
the home not only of opera but of the world-renowned Royal Ballet.
Covent Garden used to be a fashinable
promenade.
Moscow theatres.
For decades Moscow has had a reputation as
a city of theatres. The borth place of the historic Bollshoy, Maly and Moscow
Art theatres, the city has been and still is a center for the development of
exploratory, modern ideas in dramatic art and is famous for its great number
of highly giveted, inte-resting, derectors, actors, play wrights and artists.
Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams of theatres goers.
The best Moscow theatres devote themselfs to developing the principals of
directing and acting, laid down by Stanislavski, Meirhold,
Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vantangove and others. The discoveries and sucsesses of
Moscow theatres today exzist due to experience and triumphs of preceding
generation.
My visit to
the theatre.
In our time the rhytm of life is very fast,
especially in big cities. Thats why people want to see plays full of action,
and many theatres offers such plays. One of my favorite play
is one of them. It staged in and the cast was exellent: there were a
great amount of young actors in this play. All of actors were plaied with great
feeling. Besides this in play acted my favorite theatre-actor (junior).
I know that this play is a hit, thats
why it have a long run and were very popular, but when I and my friend
saw it, it was new place and audience were surprised by the scene-ry and the
power of the music. All of us had a wonderfull evening.
12.
MUSIC.
Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound
art images, one of the forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force
direct emotional effect, music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge
social, cultural and educational role.
Lieading composers are connected to
progressive public movements, life, interests and aspirations people. Each
nations differs by peculiar national features. Folk music, being improved by
creative efforts of many generations of the people, reaches a high degree of
art maturity. On the basis of riches of national music professional musical
creativity of composers is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas
epoch of national culture, national roots of art leads to it's to decline and
degeneration.
Idia emotional contents of music is passed
through sound art images, implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is
the tune. According to the way of performance music is divided into 2 main
branches: instrumental and vocal.
There are a graet nomber of different
styles of music. Such as: Jazz, Pop, Rock, Classic; and new musical directions.
One of new music directions is Rave. It includes: Hard Core, Jungle, Break
Beat, Trance, Gabber and many other. I like to listen Jungle and Hard Core.
As for me I like these styles because they
are very rythmic and dancing. The beginning of techno music was put very known
singer Fredde Mercuri was the first to compose music in the style techno. In
those years very few people evaluated new style of music. But with the years a
new style has grown up to such global sizes. Now this music is listened to by
large part of youth. I think it's very good that such musical direction as raiv
has appeared. Beca-use in Rave there are a lot of musical directions. Young
people that are fond of music can easily choose just that style which appeals
to them.
8
8
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MY FUTURE PROFESSION
What I
would like to
become? This question
pasels me
greatly.
Every job has its elements of difficulties and interest.
I think
that nearly all the professions
are very important
in
life. But
to choose the
right occupation is very
difficult,
because
we must take in to consideration many
factors. We must
consider our
personal taste and our kind of
mind. At the same
time we
must satisfy the requirements of our society and peoples
needs
in one profession or another.
The end of school is the beginning of
an independent life,
the beginning
of a more serious
examination. In order to pass
that
very serious exam we must choose the road in life which will
help us
best to live
and work. Each boy and girl has every
opportunity
to develop mind and
use knowledge and
education
received at
school. Some may
prefer to work in factories or
works,
others want to go into construction: to take part
in
building
power stations and new towns. Many opportunities to work
and to
satisfy at the same time the requirements of
the society
and
your own personal interest are
offered in the sfere of the
services
transport, communications and many others.
I have
a specially liking for to became a programmist. I
like
this profession because it very interest.
1
MUSIC.
Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound
art images, one of the forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force
direct emotional effect, music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge
social, cultural and educational role.
Lieading composers are connected to
progressive public movements, life, interests and aspirations people. Each nations
differs by peculiar national features. Folk music, being improved by creative
efforts of many generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art
maturity. On the basis of riches of national music professional musical
creativity of composers is developed. of music from advanced ideas epoch
of national culture, national roots of art leads to it's to decline and
degeneration.
Idia emotional contents of music is passed
through sound art images, implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is
the tune. according to the way of performance music is divided into 2 main
branches:
instrumental
and vocal.
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MOSCOW THEATRES
For decades Moscow has
had a reputation as a
city of
theatres.
The birth plays of the historic
"Bolshoy", "Maly"
and
"Moscow
Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for
the
development exploretary modern ideas in
the dramatic art and
is
famous for it's great number
of highlygifted, interesting
directors,
actors, playwrigts and artists.
Every evening the doors of Moscow
theatres open to streams
of
theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to
developing
the principals of directing and acting
laid down by
Stanislavsky,
Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov
and
others.
The discoveries and successes of
Moscow theatres today
exists
du
e to
experience and triumphs of preceding generations.
Art in Moscow
Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we
must mention the
most
famous gallereys.
The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the
best known picture
gallereys
in Russia. It takes it's name from it's founder Pavel
Tretyakov,
a Moscow mercant. In the 19'th century Tretyakov began
to
collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and
art
studios and bought the
best pictures. Little
by little
Tretyakov
extended his interests and began to collect earlier
Russian
paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in
St. Peterburg to
the
public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow.
Since
then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from oter
museums
and private collections. The Tretyakov
gallerey reflects
the
whole history of Russian paintings from 11'th century to the
present
day.
Also I'd like to tell you about state
pushkin museum of fine
art.
The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898
- 1912
to house a museum of fine art, founded
of initiative of
professor
Ivan Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin
museum
of fine art. It has one of the
worlds largest ancient
collections
of european art. Now the picture
gallerey has over 2
thousands
works of various schools of painting which enaibous us
to
understand and appreciate
the variaty of staills over the
centuries.
The Pushkin museum pereodically hald's exibition of the art
of
various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past
and
present.
1
MUSIC.
Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound
art images, one of the forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force
direct emotional
effect,
music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge social,
cultural
and educational role.
Lieading composers are connected to
progressive public movements,
life,
interests and aspirations people. Each nations differs by peculiar
national
features. Folk music, being improved by creative efforts of
many
generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity.
On the
basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity
of
composers is developed. of music from advanced ideas epoch of
national
culture, national roots of art leads to it's to decline and
degeneration.
- the contents of music
in sound art images, in musical sounds. The basis of
music . On a way of execution(performance) the music is divided into 2
main branches:
Tool
and .
.
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My favorite painter
One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is
the greatest Dutch
master,
one of
the supreme geneuses in the
history of art. To
this
day the art of Rembrant remains one
of the most profound
witness
of the
progress of the soul in it's
earthly pilgrimage
towards
the realisation of
higher destiny. The
son of the
prosperous
miller, Rembrant was
born in Leiden
in 1608. He
studied
at Leiden University, but his real vocation was painting.
His
rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631.
In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house,
started a collection
of
paintings and rarities. The universal artist dealt with many
world
subjects. Rembrant created a number of
portraits and some
group
portraits which were traditional to the Dutch art. The best
of them
are "Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp" and "The night watch".
In 1655
Rembrant found himself
in the midst of several
financial
troubles. At that period he painted "The Polish Rider",
which
is an allegory of the man's earthly journey.
Probably in 1669, the
year of his
own death, Rembrant
painted
his famous "Return of the
Prological son", which stands
at the
ultimate peak of Cristian spirituality,
illuminating the
relationship
of the self to the eternity.
The biblical theme was very important to
Rembrant. He painted
"Artakserks,
Oman and Eshpir", "The Saint Family".
Rembrant was not understood when he was
alive. He died in
poverty.
But it is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes
Rembrant
from his Dutch contemporaries making
him the greatest
artist
of the world.
1+ool
guys. But they don't understand, that it's wrong. Some of them can't stop that,
and they become dependent on drugs.
Andthey
commit different serious, because they need some money to buy drugs. there are
alsomany other problems: alchoholism,
smokin
and so on. There are many youth
organisations in our country, wich unite young men
on
different principles. Members of every organisation has ons own world out
looks. Each of them has their own morral
qualities.
There are some informal organisations,
for example: skinheads, hippies, panks and so on. Now there exists the
problem
of missundrstanding beetwen different youth groups.
We also face the problem how to spend our
free time. We can do it in different ways. Some of teen-ages spend their free
time
in
different night clubs. Other young people spend their free time in the strets.
As for me, i spend my free time at home or
in the night clubs. I also have some problems with my parents. But every time
then i
have them i try to slove them without quorrel.
Now we are young people and we are the
future of our country. Teen-aegs play an important role in the modern society.
Grown
up's
must remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our
character is formed and that's why our
parents
must not assert pressure on us.end our free time. We can do it in different
ways. Some of te
ool
guys. But they don't understand, that it's wrong. Some of them can't stop that,
and they become dependent on drugs.
Andthey
commit different serious, because they need some money to buy drugs. there are
alsomany other problems: alchoholism,
smokin and
so on. There are many youth
organisations in our country, wich unite young men
on
different principles. Members of every organisation has ons own world out
looks. Each of them has their own morral
qualities.
There are some informal organisations,
for example: skinheads, hippies, panks and so on. Now there exists the
problem
of missundrstanding beetwen different youth groups.
We also face the problem how to spend our
free time. We can do it in different ways. Some of teen-ages spend their free
time
in
different night clubs. Other young people spend their free time in the strets.
As for me, ispend my free time at home or in
the night clubs. I also have some problems with my parents. But every time then
i have
them i try to slove them without quorrel.
Now we are young people and we are the
future of our country. Teen-aegs play an important role in the modern society.
Grown
up's
must remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our
character is formed and that's why our
parents
must not assert pressure on us.ung people spend their free time in the strets.
As for me,
Computers
When Charles Babbage, a professor of
Mathematics at Cambridge university, invented the first calculating machine in
1812 he couldnt imagine the situation we find ourselves in today. Nearly
everything we do in the world is helped, or even controlled by computers, the
complicated descedants of his simple machine. Computers are used more and more
often in the world today, for the simple reason that they are far more efficent
than human beings. They have much better memories and they can store much
information. No man alive can do 500000 sums in one second, but a computer can.
In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They
can predict weather, and ever play chess, write poetry or compose music.
The use of computers
Just as television has extended human
sight across the barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the
power of the human mind across the existing barriers.
Computers in medicine
Computers are one of great importance in modern hospital. The
chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which has been equired in the last 50
years. No doctor can possible keep up with all discoveries. The only solution
of the problem is store medical knowledge in a computer. Today there are
medical computer centers were all existing knowledge of simpthoms of various
dessieses and of their treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on simpthoms in
the computer and get the nessesary information on correct diagnostics and treatment.
Computers that can be
learn
Ordinary computer can remember only the
data stored in the hard disk. Now scientists have desighned machines, that are capable of learning from
experience and remembering what they have learned. Such a machine is capable of
recognising objects without human help or control. Of course, they made many
mistakes.
There is another similar machine which
can look at letter alphabet a simple words and they say thought a loudes
speaker what it has seen. The machine has as certain learning power.
Computers at the school
Information science with the ideas and
message of processing and storing informations is of great importance today.
Thats why computer technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject
basic information science, and computing machine was intreduste for
the siner forms at schools. The pupils
teach computers to anlestigate school problems. Contact with the machine
increases the interest in learning, makes them more serious about studing new
subject. School computers are used not
only for studing information
science, but also examinations purposes. Young people who finish the school
must be trained to operate computers.
THEATRES,
MUSIC HALLS AND CINEMAS
Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere
else; the chief theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End. If you
are staying in London for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whatever in
finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening. You'll find opera, balley,
comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety. Films are shown in the
cinemas during the greatest part of the day.
The best seats at theatres are those in the stalls, the circle and the
upper circle. Then comes the pit, and the last of all the gallery where the seats
are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive. Most theatres and music
halls have good orchestras with popular conductors.
You ought to make a point of going to the opera at least once during
the season if you can. There you can get the best of everything - an exellent
orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and well dressed audience.
But, of course, if you are not fond of music and singing, won't interest you.
At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors
and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged - costumes,
dresses, scenery, everything being done of the most lavish scale. Choose a good
play, and you'll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up
to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the box-office
of theatre itself or at one of the agencies. When you go to a theatre, you'll
probably want to seat as near to the stage as possible. But if you are at the
cinema, you may prefer to seat some distance from the screen. In fact, I would
say, the further away the better.
AUSTRALIA.
1. The Commonweaith of Austrelia is a self
govering federal state. It is situated in the south-west of the Pasific ocean,
ocuping the continent of Australia and a great number of islands of which
Tasmania is the most important. Australia is a continent-island washed by the
Indian and the Pasific Oceans.
2. The country consists of 6 (six) states
and 2 (two) territories. 16 million people live in Australia. The capital is
Canberra. The offical language is English.
3. Australia has a Parlament has two
chambers, the house of Representatives and the Senate. the governmant of the
country is headed by the Prime
Minister.
4. Australia is not only far from the rest
of the world, it has a bad climet, too. The climet is better in the east and
south-east, where most big cities have grown-up. But the northen coast has too
much rain, and the westen coast is too dry.
5. The highest part of Australia, and almost
all the mountains are near the coast. The whole central part of the country is
dry; it never rains, there are no large rivers and no water there. So there is
no very rich plant life in Australia, except in the east and south-east.
6. Australia is an important producer and exporter of primary products: wool,
meat, sugar, fruit, black, coal, iron, copper, lead, gold and so on.
7. Most of the factories are situated near
big cities. There are 5 (five) big cities in Australia: Sydney, Melbourne,
Adelaide, Perth and bris bane. These cities are also the country's main ports.
8. Canberra was specially planned as a
capital. It is a quriet city. All the gover-
ment
buildings are situated there. There no industrial plants in the city. About
300000
people
live in Canberra.
9. Sydney is the oldest and largest city in
Australia. It was founded in 1788. Sydney
is
a big industrial centre. About 3 million people now live in the city.
EDUCATION IN RUSSIA.
An educated person is one who knows a lot
about many things.I think it is very important that everyone should be
educated.Each pupils ought todo his best to become a useful member of our
society. Education is very important in our life. Going on educational
excursions gives us opportunities to acquire some scientific knowledge. In the
Russian Federation the school education is compulsary. Pupils begin to go to
school at the age of six. When they complete high grades they can either
continue to study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school
where they study not only main subjects , but are able to learn some
profession. When school pupils leave school they can try to continue their
educaton in institutes or universities. There are many school types of schools
in Russia: specialized, politecnical, musical art and others. Now days appeared
some new types of schools: gimnasiums and colledges.
1
EDUCATION. An educated
person is one who knows a lot about many things. He is always finding out more
about the world around him. I think it is very important that everyone should
be educated. The more we know the more intereste we are in the world around.
Each pupl ought to do his best to become a useful member of our society.
Education is so important in our life and for the good of society. The
activites of the school day afford different opportunities for the puples to
participate in some useful work. They give opportunities to develop good work habits and writing
compositions gives us opportunities to develop speaking, reading and writing skills.
I am interested in Mathumatic , i tried
my best to be good at them. I think that chemistry is hard. I beleve my effords
in my further studies will be successful. All kinds of activites the puples
participate in are waluable to them. EDUCATION
ws
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1o THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
OF GREAT BRITAIN.
The educational system of G.B. is extreamely
complex and bewilder- ing.
It is
very difficult to generalise about particular types of schools as schools
differ
from one to the other. The departament of education and science is
responsible
for national educational policy,but it doesnt employe teacher or prescribe
corricular or text books.
Each school has its own board of governers
consisting of teachers, parents, local politicians, members of local community,
businessmen and sometimes pupils. According to the law only one subject is
compulsary. Such as religious instruction.
Schooling for children is compulsary from 5
to 16, though some provision is made for children under 5 and some pupils
remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher education.
The state school system is usually devided
into 2 stages (secondary and primary). The majority of primary schools are
mixed.They are subdevided into infant schools(ages 5 to 7),and junior
schools(ages 7 to11). In junior schools pupils were often placed in A,B,C or
D-streams, according to their abilities. Under the pressue of progressive
parents and teachers the 11+ examination has now been abolished in most parts
of the country. There are some types of schools in G.B.Grammar schools provided
an academical cause for selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18. Only those
children who have the best results are admitted to these schools. They give
pupils a high level of academic education wich can lead to the university.
Technical Schools offer a general education
with a techni- cal bias and serve those pupils who are more mecanically minded.
The corricular includes more science and mathematics. Secondary modern schools
were formed to provide a non-academic education for children of lesser
attainment. The corricular includes more practical subjects. The comprehensive
schools brings about a general improvement in the system of secondary
education.
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Education
in Russia.
An educated person is one who
knows a lot about many things.I think it is very important that everyone should
be educated.Each pupils ought todo his best to become a useful member of our
society. Education is very important in our life. Going on educational
excursions gives us opportunities to acquire some scientific
In the Russian Federation the school
education is compulsary. Pupils begin to go to school at the age of six. When
they complete high grades they can either continue to study at school for more
2 years, or go to a professional school where they study not only main subjects
, but are able to learn some profession. When school pupils leave school they
can try to continue their educaton in institutes or universities.
There are many school types of schools in
Russia: specialized, politecnical, musical art and others. Nowdays appeared
some new types of schools: gimnasiums and colledges.
eau
Education in
Russia.
An educated person is one who knows a lot about
many things.I think it is very important that everyone should be educated.Each
pupils ought todo his best to become a useful member of our society. Education
is very important in our life. Going on educational excursions gives us
opportunities to acquire some scientific knowledge.
In the Russian Federation the school
education is compulsary. Pupils begin to go to school at the age of six. When
they complete high grades they can either continue to study at school for more
2 years, or go to a professional school where they study not only main subjects
, but are able to learn some profession. When school pupils leave school they
can try to continue their educaton in institutes or universities.
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Russia: specialized, politecnical, musical art and others. Nowdays appeared
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responsible
for national educational policy,but it doesnt employe teacher or prescribe
corricular or text books.
Each school has its own board of governers
consisting of teachers, parents, local politicians, members of local community,
businessmen and sometimes pupils. According to the law only one subject is
compulsary. Such as religious instruction.
Schooling for children is compulsary from 5
to 16, though some provision is made for children under 5 and some pupils
remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher education.
The state school system is usually devided
into 2 stages (secondary and primary).The majority of primary schools are
mixed.They are subdevided into infant schools(ages 5 to 7),and junior
schools(ages 7 to11). In junior schools pupils were often placed in A,B,C or
D-streams, according to their abilities. Under the pressue of progressive
parents and teachers the 11+ examination has now been abolished in most parts
of the country. There are some types of schools in G.B.Grammar schools provided
an academical cause for selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18. Only those
children who have the best results are admitted to these schools. They give
pupils a high level of academic education wich can lead to the university.
Technical Schools offer a general education
with a technical bias and serve those pupils who are more mecanically minded.
The corricular includes more science and mathematics. Secondary modern schools
were formed to provide a non-academic education for children of lesser
attainment. The corricular includes more practical subjects. The comprehensive
schools brings about a general improvement in the system of secondary
education.
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GREAT BRITAN.
1. The United Kindom of Great Britan and Nothen Island is situated on the
British Iles not far from Europe. It consists of the island of Great Britan,
the north-easten part of Irland and a great number of small islands. Such as:
the Orkney, the Hebrides, the Isle of White and many others.
2. If you look at the map of europe you will see that Great Britan is not
large. It takes 6 hours to trevel in a fast train, from London, the capital of
England, to Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. And the June from London to
Plemouth takes a little over 4 hours by train.
3. There are 4 part of Great Britain England, the capital is London,
Scotland the capital is Edinburg, Walles the capital is Cardif and Northen
Island the capital is Belfast. Griat Britan lies not far from continent. It is
siparated from europe by the North Sea and England Channel. The channel in it's
narrowest part The Strate of Dover is only 32 kilometres.
4. Great Britan has a very good geographical position, as it lies on the crossways of the sea routes from
Europe to other parts of the World. The sea connects
Britain with most European countrys such as:Belgium,
Holland, Denmark, Norway, Russia and some other countrys. The main sea
route from Europe to America also passed throught the channel.
5. British climet is miled and damp. It often rains frogs are quit requent
espeacially in the West and south-west. The Gulf Stream a warm ocean current
warms to seas around the British coast moderating the climet, giving it cold
Summers milds winters. The tempirature in winter seldom folls below zero and
the field and meadow are green all year round.passed throught the channel.
5. British climet is miled and damp. It often rains frogs are quit requent
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GREAT BRITAN.
1. The United Kindom of Great Britan and Nothen Island is situated on the
British Il0Courier New Cyr
Professional football is big business. Every larg town has one or more
professional clubs. Ragby foo
1K
LIESURE TIME.
Everybody sometimes has a free time.
Somebody prefer only to sleep in their liesure time, but the largest part of us prefer to do a great
amount of things which are pleasant and interesting for us. It may be reading,
a various types of sport game, watching TV, listening music and others. If we have
a few day or a week we
prefer to go to the attractive places.
Many peoples thing that pupils and
studients have too much liesure ,but in my opinion, they are wrong. We are very
busy. Many pupils have six or se-ven lessons a day and go to school live or six day a week.
Even during the holiday we learn our lessons after school. And we just no time
to go some-there. Oldest of us are working after school or institutes. Iam not
spend my time at school and ofter I have a free time. The large part of my free
time devote to reading. I like to read
books about another coun-tries, another times and another worlds. Also I read
books about history of our country. Besides reading I like to do physical
exercises. I and my school friends often gather after school and play
basketball, fooftball or other active games. But my favorite hobby is
travelling. Usually I travel in summer and ofter it is a trip to the south, to
the warm sea. thing all peoples must
have other occupation besides their basic work, ba-csuse it extand the
bounduries of the familar world and teach us something new about people and
thing.
ds.
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Fedor
Dostoevsky (1821-1881)
The Russian
writer Dostoevski is regarded as one of the world's great novelists. In Russia
he was surpassed only by Leo Tolstoi.
Fedor
Mikhailovich Dostoevski was born on Nov. 11, 1821, in a Moscow hospital where
his father was a physician. At 13 Fedor was sent to a Moscow boarding school,
then to a military engineering school in St. Petersburg. Shortly after
graduating he resigned his commission in order to devote his time to writing.
Dostoevski
had published two novels and several sketches and short stories when he was
arrested along with a group of about 20 others with whom he had been studying
French socialist theories. After the 1848 revolutions in Western Europe,
Russia's Czar Nicholas I decided to round up all of that country's
revolutionaries, and in April 1849 Dostoevski's group was imprisoned.
Dostoevski and several others were sentenced to be shot, but at the last minute
their sentence was changed to four years of hard labor in a prison in Omsk,
Siberia. There, Dostoevski said, they were "packed in like herrings in a
barrel" with murderers and other criminals. He read and reread the New
Testament, the only book he had, and built a mystical creed, identifying Christ
with the common people of Russia. He had great sympathy for the criminals.
As a child
Dostoevski suffered from mild epilepsy, and it grew worse in prison. After four
years in prison, he was sent as a private to a military station in Siberia.
There in 1857 he met and married a widow named Marie Isaeva.
In 1860
Dostoevski was back in St. Petersburg. The next year he began to publish a
literary journal that was soon suppressed, though he had by now lost interest
in socialism. In 1862 he visited Western Europe and hated the industrialism he
saw there. Dostoevski had been separated from his wife but visited her in
Moscow before her death in 1864. In 1867 he married his young stenographer,
Anna Snitkina. He died on Feb. 9, 1881, in St. Petersburg.
1
MUSIC.
Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound
art images, one of the forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force
direct emotional effect, music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge
social, cultural and educational role.
Lieading composers are connected to
progressive public movements, life, interests and aspirations people. Each nations
differs by peculiar national features. Folk music, being improved by creative
efforts of many generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art
maturity. On the basis of riches of national music professional musical
creativity of composers is developed. of music from advanced ideas epoch
of national culture, national roots of art leads to it's to decline and
degeneration.
Idia emotional contents of music is passed
through sound art images, implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is
the tune. according to the way of performance music is divided into 2 main
branches:
instrumental
and vocal.
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MASS MEDIA.
Mass media ( that is the press, the radio
and television ) play an important role in the life of society. They inform,
educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the
world and make them change their views. Mass media mould public opinion.
Millions of people in their spare time watch TV and read newspapers. Everybody
can find there something interesting for him. On the radio
one can
hear music, plays, news and various discussions or commentaries of current
events. Lot's radio or TV games and films attract a large audience. Newspapers
uses in different ways, but basically they are read. There is a lot of
advertisment on mass media. Some of the TV and radio stations and newspapers
are owned by different corporations. The owners can advertise whatever they
choose.
But it is hardly fair to say that mass
media do not try to raise cultural level of the people or to develop their
artistic taste. Mass media brings to millions of homes not only entertaiment
and news but also cultural and educational programs. There are more then six TV
channels and lot's of radio stations and newspapers now in the Russian
Federation.tisment on mass media. Some of the TV and radio stations andwDt7e![Me
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1 MUSIC.
Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound
art images, one of the forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force
direct emotional
effect,
music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge social,
cultural
and educational role.
Lieading composers are connected to
progressive public movements,
life,
interests and aspirations people. Each nations differs by peculiar
national
features. Folk music, being improved by creative efforts of
many
generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity.
On the
basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity
of
composers is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch of
national culture, national roots of art leads to it's to decline and
degeneration.
Idia emotional contents of music is passed
through sound art images, implemented in musical sounds. The basic of music is
the tune. according to the way of performance music is divided into 2 main
branches:
instrumental
and vocal.
There are a lot of different styles of
music. Such as: Jazz, Pop, Rock, Classic; and new musical directions.Such as:
Rave, Hard Core, Jungle, Break Beat and many other. I like to listen to rave
music and Happy Hard Core.
As for me i like these styles because they
are very rythmic and dancing. The beginning of techno music was put very known
singer Fredde Mercuri was the first to compose music in the style techno. In
those years very few people evaluated new style of music. But with the years a
new style has grown up to such global sizes. Now this music is listened to by
large part of youth. I think it's very good that such musical direction as raiv
has appeared. Because in raiv there are a lot of musical directions. Young
people that are fond of music can easily
choose just that style which appeals to them.
was the
first to compose music in the style techno. In those years very few people
evaluated new style of music. But with thwtpkf
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THE NEWSPAPERS AND ITS READER.
1.
Press is often called amirror of current events. The information we get from
newspapers and magazins helps us to know the life at home and in other
countrys. The newspapers aim is to
inform the readers as fully as possible of the events taking place in Russia an
afroad. They try to cover domestic and foreighn policy and the public opinion
on all topicall usenes.
2. My family receives ... . I think ... is
most interesting i prefer it because ... . It's a daly (weekly, monthly)
newspaper (magazin).
3. If you are a regular reader of the
press, you can got a lot of information.
THE NEWSPAPERS AND ITS READER.
1.
Press is often called amirror of current events. The information we gew
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1
PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT
OF YOUNG PEOPLE.
People of almost every age are susceptible
to this pernitious disease but it hits the youth the hardest. It's name is
unemployment. The persent-age of unemployed youth in the total number of the
jobless is high. In many developing countries the situation is more serious.
Many young people to commit suside. Unless the economic situation in the world
changes, youth unemployment will mount. This prodictions refer to all
catigories of workers-with high and low skills in town and country. For all
there possible distinctious,these young people over outside the production
structure of society. The are deprived the possebility of creting there are "surplus" from time to
time some may get a hit of luck, but the lot of the majority is to feel their
unlessles to lose their ideals and become disillusioned. Unemployment greatly
intemcilicselle tendency among the youth towards, drug education , frastretion
and crime. This is a time bomb and is a heavy acusation of any social economic
system.
prodictions
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many other. I like to listen to rave music and Happy Hard Core.
As for me i lik
THE PROBLEMS OF TEEN-AGES.
There are many young people in our country. Each of them has
one's own view point on their life and their future. There are many problems
which are common for all young people.For Example: how to spend their free
time, what to do after school, choosing a profession, how to deal with girl and
boy-friends and so on.
The problem number one of most of the young people is the problem
of fathers and sons. All young people want to be independent, they want their
parents to listen to their opinion, not to interfere in their private life.
Some parents neglect their children, because they cant find a common language
with each other.
Many problems were hushed up, but now we can speak openly about
them. I think that the most difficult and sirious problem of modern teen-ages
is drug-habit. Some young man use drugs, because they think that will be cool
guys. But they don't understand, that it's wrong. Some of them can't stop that,
and they become dependent on drugs. And they commit different serious, because
they need some money to buy drugs. There are also many other problems:
alchoholism, smokin and so on. There are many youth
organisations in our country, wich unite young men on different principles.
Members of every organisation has ons own world out looks. Each of them has
their own morral qualities. There are some
informal organisations, for example: skinheads, hippies, panks and so
on. Now there exists the problem of missundrstanding beetwen different youth
groups.
We also face the problem how to spend our free time. We can do it
in different ways. Some of teen-ages spend their free time in different night
clubs. Other young people spend their free time in the strets.
As for me, i spend my free time at home or in the night clubs. I
also have some problems with my parents. But every time then i have them i try
to slove them without quorrel.
Now we are young people and we are the future of our country.
Teen-aegs play an important role in the modern society. Grown up's must
remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our character
is formed and that's why our parents must not assert pressure on us.
1i
RADIO AND TELEVISION.
Of all the discoveries ever made by man,
radio or wireless, is one of the most wonderfull. By means of wireless, you
can speak to a man on the other side of the world. Seated confortably in your
own home, you can hear music or talks, broadcast thousand of miles away from
your- talks on national and international affairs, on science, history and other educational subject.
I listen to the wireless almost every
evening, mine is are eght-valve set an arial which gives splended results. I t
has medium, long and short wave-lenghts and it quit simple to manipulate. All I
have to do it's to tune into the station I require.
I use my set a good deal for keeping up my
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1" RUSSIA.
Russia occupy a large territory. It strech
almost 10 000 (ten thousend) kilometres from east to west and nearly 5 000
(five thousend) kilometres from north to south. It's population is 150 000 000
(one handred and fifty) million people.
From spring till autmn the sun never sets
over Russia: in Kaliningrad peole see it sitting in the Baltic, while in
Kamchatka it rises out of the Pasific Ocean at the some time. People in our
country see the New Year in eleven times in one night.
If you begin to trevell in the Far East by
air and fly 8 000 (eight thousend)kilometres towards the west, you will land in
Moscow on thr same hour same day that you left the Far East.
It is a wonderful sight yo see our country
from the plane. One can hardly imagine a country more interesting to trevellers
whan Russia.
Siberia covers millions of square
kilometres. You fly over mountain, endless forests, large and small rivers,
railways, motorways. You leave behind the lights of young and small towns,
plants and factories. Siberia is a rigeon of untold riches.
Father West are the Ural Mountains the
border between Asia and europe. The Urals are riche in different minerals.
The country's European part covers the
territory from Urals to the Baltic Sea. The largest cities of the Russia are
situated between theBlack Sea in the south and the Black Sea in the north. Such
an our country from East to West. There is no over countrys in which the climet
differs so much from one part to another. When it is still winter in the
northen regions of our country the first warm days arrive in the south. In the
central regions show storms and cold are still in power, while in the south
people begin to think of spring crops. In the same season nature looks
different in different parts of our country.
Russia is rich in oil, coul, iron, gold,
silver and other minerals.e north. Such an our country from East to West. There
is no over countrys in which the climet ws"pMe
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1
SPORTS IN GREAT BRITAN.
The English are great lovers of sport; and
they are neither playing nor waching games, they like to talk about them.
However, there is important thing about sport in Britain which we must know.
Today, an big sports is professional and famous players can make a lot of
money.
Lat's take Football for example. It is the
most popular team game in Britain. It is played in most of the schools, and
there are thousands of amatur teams for young man in all parts of the country.
But for most of the public, football is a professionals games which is watched
on saturday afternoons at the stadiym.
Professional football is big business. Every
larg town has one or more professional clubs.
Ragby football is played with an oval ball
which may be carried. The players in the other team try to stop the man running
with the ball by frowin him to the ground. There are fifteen players in each
team.
Sports competition get big crowds in Great
Britan. All people in Great britan are fond of sport and Englishman know is
they train hard Sport will make them srong and helthy.
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IN GREAT BRITAN.
The English are great lovers of sport; and
they are neither
Education
in Russia
An
educated person is one who knows a lot about many things.I think it is very important
that everyone should be educated.Each pupils ought todo his best to become a
useful member of our society. Education is very important in our life. Going on
educational excursions gives us opportunities to acquire some scientific knowledge.
In the
Russian Federation the school education is compulsary. Pupils begin to go to school
at the age of six. When they complete high grades they can either continue to
study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school where they
study not only main subjects , but are able to learn some profession. When
school pupils leave school they can try to continue their educaton in
institutes or universities.
There are
many school types of schools in Russia: specialized, politecnical, musical art
and others. Nowdays appeared some new types of schools: gimnasiums and colledges.
1 Customs and
traditions of english speaking countries.
Every country and every nation has it's
own traditions and customs.It's very important to know traditions and customs
of different people. It will help you to know more about the history and life of different nations
and countries.One cannot speak about England without speaking about it's
traditions and customs .They are very important in the life of English
people.Englishman are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up.
There are six public holidays a year in G.B.. Cristmas day is one of their
favorite holidays.It's celebrated on the 25-th of december. There are some
traditions connected with it.One of them is to give presents to each other.It
is not only children and members of family.It's a tradition to give cristmas presents
to the people you work with.Another tradition is to send cristmas cards.All
these cards are brightly and coloured.Most of big cities of G.B.,especially
London, are decorated with coloured lights and cristmas trees. On Trafalgar
Square, in the center of London stands a big cristmas tree.It is a gift from
the people of Oslo.It is over 50 feet
high. Many families celebrate cristmas day in the open air near the
cristmas tree in order to catch the spirit of cristmas.Children find cristmas
presents in their stockings.The traditional english dinner on cristmas is
turkey and pudding.
Other
great holidays are:Fathers day,Mothers day,Helloween and other.
high. Many families celebrate cristmawtp
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British education
British education emas us to develop fully the abilities of individuals, for their own
benefit and of society as a whole. Compulsory schooling takes place between
the agers of
5 and 16, but some pupils remain
at shool for 2 years more,
to prepare
for further
higher education. Post shool education
is organized flaxebly, to provide
a wide range of opportunities for academic and vacational education and
to continue studying through out life.
Administration of state
schools is decentralised. The department of
education and science is
responsible for national education policy,
but it doesn't run any schools,
if doesn't employ teachers, or
prescribe corricular or textbooks. All shools are given a considerable amount
of freedom. According to the law only
one subject is compulsary. That is religious instruction.
Children recieve preschool education
under the age of 5 in nursery schools or in infant's classes in
primary schools.
Most pupils receive free education
finenst from public fonds and the small proportions attend schools wholy
independent. Most independent schools
are single-sex, but the
number of mixing
schools is growing.
Education within the mantained
schools system usually comprises two stages:
primary and secondary education.
Primary schools are
subdevided into infant
schools (ages 5 - 7), and
junior schools
(ages 7 - 11). Infant schools are informal and children are
encouraged to read, write and make
use of
numbers and develop the creative abilities. Primary children do all
their work with the same class teacher exept for PT and music. The work
is beist upon the
pupils interests as far as possible.
The junior stage extence over four years.
Children have set pirits of
arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography nature study and others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A, B, C and D
streams according their abilities. The
most able children were put in the A stream, the list able in
the D stream.
Till reccantly most junior shool
children had to seat for the eleven-plus examination. It usually consisted of an arithmetic paper and an entelligent
test.
According to the results of the exam
children are sent to Grammar,
Technical or Secondary modern schools.
So called comprehansive schools began to
appear after World War 2. They are muchly mixed schools which can
provide education for over 1000 pupils.
Ideally they provide all the courses given in Grammar, Technical and
Secondary modern schools.
By the law all children must
receive full-time education between the ages
of 5 and 16. Formally each child
can remain a school for a further 2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the
sixth form up to the age
of 18 or 19. The course is
usually
subdevided into
the lower 6 and the upper 6. The corricular
is narrowed to 5 subjects of which a pupil can choose 2 or 3.
The main
examinations for secondary
school pupils are general certeficate of education
(the GCE) exam and certificate of secondary education (the CSE) exam. The GSE
exam is held at two levels:
ordinary level (0 level) and advanced level (A level).
Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 -
16 years away. GCE level is usually
taken at the end on the sixth
form. The CSE level exam is taken after 5 years of
secondary education by the pupils who are of everage abilities of their age.
My future
profession
What I
would like to
become? This question
pasels me greatly. Every job has
its elements of difficulties and interest. I think that nearly all the
professions are very
important in life. But
to choose the
right occupation is very
difficult, because we must take in to consideration many factors.
We must consider our
personal taste and our kind of
mind. At the same time we must satisfy
the requirements of our society and
peoples needs in one profession or another.
The end of school is the beginning of
an independent life, the
beginning of a more serious examination. In order to pass that very serious exam we
must choose the road in life which will help
us best to
live and work.
Each boy and girl has every
opportunity to
develop mind and use knowledge
and education received at
school. Some may
prefer to work in factories or
works, others want to go into construction: to take part
in building power stations and new towns. Many opportunities to work and
to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society and your own
personal interest are offered in
the sfere of the services transport, communications and many others.
I have
a specially liking for to became a programmist. I like this profession because it very
interest.
Art
gallereys of London
Speaking about art gallereys of London we
should first of all mention The national gallery, The national portret galerey and The tate gallery. I would like
to tell you about National portret gallery and about Tate gallery.
The national gallery houses one of
the richest and
most extensive collections of painting in the world. It stands to the north of the Trafalgar
Square. the gallerey was desighned
by William Wilkins and build in
1834-37. The collection covers all
schools and periods of painting, but is
a specially famous for it's
examples of Rembrant and Rubents. The british schools is only moderately represented
as the national collections are shared with the Tate gallerey. The National gallerey was founded in
1824 when the government bought
the collection of
John Angerstein which included 38 paintings.
The Tate gallery houses the national
collection of british painting
from the 16-th century to the
present day. It is also the national
gallerey for modern art,
including painting and sculpture made in Britain, Europe,
America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as the national
gallerey of british art. It owes it's
establishment to Suie Henritate who built the gallerey and gave his own
collection of 65 painting.
British theatres
Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build around actors
rather then companies. It has been hard
to find any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff in British
theatres. Apply is
rehearsed for a few
weeks by a company of actors working together mostly for the first time
and it is allowed to run as long as
it draws the odious and pays
it's way.
Another peculiarity of the theatres in
Great Britain is an follows:
there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced
(bookable), and unbookable once have no
numbers and the spectators occupy them
on the principal: first come -
first served. And ancient times plays
were acted inside churches and later on the market places.
The first theatre in England "The
Blackfries" build in 1576, and
"The Globe" build in
1599, which is closely connected with
William Shakespeare. Speaking about our
times we should first of all mention "The English National
theatre","The Royal Shakespeare company" and "Covent
Garden".
"Covent Garden" used to be a
fashionable promenade - it was, before then,
a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers,
orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive
surroundings farther west, such as "St. Jame's Square".
The first "Covent Garden
theatre" was build in 1732. It was
burnt down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in September
1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of the last
century "Covent
Garden" became exclusively devoted to opera.
Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it
is one of the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it
employs over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet.
THE NATIONAL THEATRE
It
took over the hundred years to establish a national
theatre company. It's first
director from 1962
was Lawrence Olivier. This is
the first state theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for it was
opened in 1976. It has three theatres in one:
"The Oliver
theatre", the biggest
is for the main classical
repertoire; "The
Lyttilton", a bit smaller is for
new writing and for visiting foreigh
countries and "The
Cottesloe theatre",
the smallest is
used for experimental writing and productions. "The Royal Shakespeare company"
are devided between the country and
the capital and it's produces
plays mainly by Shakespeare and his contempraries when it performs is "Stratford -on-Avon", and modern plays in it's two auditoria in
the Cities, Barbican centre.
Moscow
theatres
For decades Moscow has
had a reputation as a
city of theatres. The birth plays of the historic
"Bolshoy", "Maly"
and "Moscow Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for
the development exploretary modern
ideas in the dramatic art and is famous for it's great number of
highlygifted, interesting
directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.
Every evening the doors of Moscow
theatres open to streams of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow
theatres devoded themselves to developing the principals of directing and
acting laid down by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov
and others. The discoveries and
successes of Moscow theatres today exists due to experience and triumphs
of preceding generations.
I'd like to tell you about the Bolshoy
Theatre. The magestic building of
the Bolshoy Theatre
stands in Theatre Square in Moscow's central quater, not
far from Kremlin.
This is the leading Russian opera house
with the best
vocalists and choreographers in
it's company.
The Bolshoi traces it's history
to 1776 when a standing opera
company was organized in Moscow. The
first opera shown in Bolshoi theatre was opera "life of tsar"
(now "Ivan Susanin"). At later times operas by Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky,
Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here.
At the same time the Bolshoi company
staged the best operas and ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini,
Weber, Verdi and others.
The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world's
finest. This is equally true of it's
brilliant realistic style of perfomance and repertoire.
My
favorite painter
One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is
the greatest Dutch master, one of
the supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this day the art of Rembrant remains one of
the most profound witness of the progress of the soul in it's earthly
pilgrimage towards the realisation of
higher destiny. The
son of the prosperous
miller, Rembrant was
born in Leiden in 1608. He studied at Leiden University, but his real vocation was
painting. His rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631.
In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house,
started a collection of paintings and
rarities.
The universal artist dealt with many world
subjects. Rembrant created a number of
portraits and some group portraits
which were traditional to the Dutch art. The best of them are "Anatomy
lesson of Dr. Tulp" and "The night watch".
In 1655
Rembrant found himself
in the midst of several financial troubles. At that period he painted
"The Polish Rider", which is an allegory of the man's earthly
journey.
Probably in 1669, the
year of his
own death, Rembrant painted his famous "Return of the Prological son", which stands at the ultimate peak of
Cristian spirituality,
illuminating the relationship of
the self to the eternity.
The biblical theme was very important to
Rembrant. He painted "Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir", "The Saint
Family".
Rembrant was not understood when he was
alive. He died in poverty. But it
is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes Rembrant from his Dutch
contemporaries making him the
greatest artist of the world.
Art
in Moscow
Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow
we must mention the most famous gallereys.
The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the
best known picture gallereys in
Russia. It takes it's name from it's
founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant. In the 19'th century Tretyakov began
to collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and art
studios and bought the
best pictures. Little
by little Tretyakov extended
his interests and began to collect earlier Russian
paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in
St. Peterburg his collection to
the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since then
the gallerey has received hundred paintings from other museums and private collections. The Tretyakov gallerey reflects the whole history of Russian
paintings from 11'th century to the
present day. The gallery contains such halls devon-ded to the works of 18'th
century painters,
as , , . The
first half of the
19'th century is reprisentive by brilliant paintings by
,
and others. The gallery has the best collec-
tion of
"" , such as , , and such
great names as
, , , .
Also I'd like to tell you about state
pushkin museum of fine art. The building was built in Greek stile by Roman
Klein in 1898 - 1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded of
initiative of professor Ivan
Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin museum of fine art. It has one of the worlds largest
ancient collections of european art.
Now the picture gallerey has over 2 thousands works of various schools
of painting which enaibous us to understand
and appreciate the
variaty of staills over the centuries.
The Pushkin museum pereodically hald's exibition of the art of various
countries and of individual outstanding artist of past and present.
Theatres, music
halls and cinemas
Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else; the chief theatres
,music halls and cinemas are in the West
End. If you are
staying in London for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whatever in
finding somewhere to spend an
enjoyable evening. You'll find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue,
musical comedy and variety. Films are
shown in the cinemas during
the greatest part of the day.
The best seats at theatres are those
in the stalls, the circle and
the upper circle. Then comes the pit,
and the last of all the gallery where the seats are cheapest. Boxes,
of course, are the most
expensive. Most theatres and music
halls have good orchestras with popular conductors.
You ought to make a
point of going to the opera at least once during the season if you
can. There you can get the best of
everything - an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and
well dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not fond of music and
singing, won't interest you.
At the West End theatres you can see
most of the famous English actors and actresses.
As a rule, the plays
are magnificently staged -
costumes, dresses, scenery,
everything being done of
the most lavish scale. Choose a
good play, and you'll enjoy yourself
thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the
box-office of theatre itself or at one
of the agencies. When you go to a theatre, you'll probably want to seat
as near to the stage as possible. But
if you are at the cinema,
you may prefer to seat some distance from the screen. In fact,
I would say, the further away the better.
Music in our life
Music - it art, reflecting
validity in sound art images, one of the forms of public ideology. Having by
powerful force direct emotional effect, music during of all history of man-kind
plays a huge social, cultural and educational role.
Leading composers are
connected to progressive public movements, life, interests and aspirations
people. Each nations differs by peculiar national features. Folk music, being
improved by creative efforts of many generations of the people, reaches a high
degree of art maturity. On the basis of riches of national music professional
musical creativity of composers is developed. Rejection of music from advanced
ideas epoch of national culture, national roots of art leads to its to decline
and degeneration.
Idea emotional contents of
music is passed through sound art images, implemented in musical sounds. The
basis of music is the tune. According to the way of performance music is
devided into 2 main branches: instrumental and vocal.
There are a great number of different styles of music, such as Jazz,
Pop, Rock, Classic; and new musical directions. One of the new music directions
is Rave. I prefer to listen hard-core and more quiet music such as Roxette and
others.
Now days the number of
music styles is growing, and every young people, which are fond of music can
easily choose that style which appeals to them.
1 THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA.
1.
Geographical position and phisical teatures:
The USA occupy a large territory and are
situated in the sentral and southen part of north America. The USA is washed by
the Atlantic ocean in the east and by the Pasific ocean in the west. In the
north, the USA is borders on Canada and in the south on Mexico.
2.
Climet:
Mountain rangres coss the country from north
to south and don't protect it from the north and warm ear from the south. The
USA has a continental climet.
3.Riches
of the USA:
Large reserves of oil, coal, iron and other
minerals from solid Baise from development of america industry.
4.Arias,lakes:
The USA is divited into free arias:Esten
area a highland,central area a plain and Western area wich is Mountains and
includes the Rocky Mountains and the Sierria Nevada.
5.
Lakes
There are five great lakes in the northen
part of the USA.There are: Huren, Michigan, Supireo, Onterio, Erie. There are
connected by channeis cut by rapids one of them the Neagara Folls.
6.
Rivers
The Missisipy together with the Missury is
the longast river in the world. The rivers of the west are unsutible for
navigation.The larges of them are Colombia and Colorado rivers.
PART 2 National Economy.
The USA is a hardly developed capitalitic country.Heavy industry prevails in
the USA,including such brauches as the mining , metalurgical,engineering out
chemical industes.Being well developed light industry includes,textile, leather
and footwear industries.The food industry is also well developed.
As
agriculture bouth animal husbeudry and arally farming are prominent in the
economy of the USA.
le for navigation.The larges of them are
Colombia and Colorado rivers.
PART 2 National Ewsolh d+'
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n the city. About 300000
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Exploration
Christopher
Columbus
300-400
years ago a great deal of the world was undiscoveried. But now there seems
little more to explore, the wild north was conquered, the jungle was conquered
too. And it seems that all the pages of the great book called The Earth has
been filled in, but exploration still goes on.
In the
15th century people knew only 3 continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. They knew
nothing about America. The man who was thought to be the discoverier of America
was born in 1451 in Italy. His name was Cristopher Columbus.
Knowing
that the earth was round he desided to reach India by sailing to the west. It
was very difficult for him to organize an expedition as nobody wanted to help
him. At last the Spanish government gave him some money. In the 1492 he sailed
with 3 small ships in to the Atlantic ocean. They had been sailing for more
than 2 months and at last they saw land. Columbus was certain that the lands he
discoveried were part of India and he called these islands The West Indias.
He made 3 voyagers to America. His last voyage was made in 1502-1504. After
that, seriously ill, he remained in Spain until his death. He died believing
that Cuba was part of Asia. Colum-buses voyagers gave Europe first important
knowledge of the new world. Many places have been named in his honour. America
however was named after another explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
Americus
Vespucius (or Amerigo Vespucci, as the name is spelled in Italian) was born in
Florence, Italy, in 1454. He was in Spain at the time of Columbus' first and
second voyages. In a letter, written in 1504 and printed in 1505, he claimed to
have made four voyages, on the first of which, in 1497, he explored the South
American coast. This would make him the first European to land on the American
continent, for at that time Columbus had only reached the outlying islands.
Most scholars reject Vespucius' version of this voyage. Vespucius perhaps did
accompany a Spanish expedition that of Alonzo de Ojeda to South America in
1499, and in 1501 and 1503 he probably went with Portuguese expeditions.
Probably he never commanded an expedition himself and, of course, was not the
first person to set foot on the continents to which his name is given.
Vespucius died in Seville, Spain, in 1512.
.
Learning languages.
The
problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are
socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science
and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an
overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double
every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient
means of information exchange of the people of our planet.
Today English is the language of the
world. Over 350 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers
of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and
New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic,
Canada, the South African Republic. As a second language it is used in the
former British and US colonies.
It is the major international
language for communication in such areas as science, technology, business and
mass entertainment. English is one of the official languages of the United
Nations Organization and other political organization. It is the language of
the literature, education, modern music, international tourism.
Russia is integrating into the world
community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication
is espicially urgent today. Learning a foreing language is not as easy thing.
It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to
know English is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good
specialist.
It is well known that reading books
in the original , listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English
speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the
culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any
foreign language. Art galereys of London Speaking about art galereys of London we should first of all
mention The national galery, The national portret galerey and The
tate galery. I would like to tell you about National portret
galery and about Tate galery. The national galery houses one of the richest and most
extensive collections of painting in the world. It stands to the
north of the Trafalgar Square. the galerey was desighned by
William Wilkins and build in 1834-37. The collection covers all
schools and periods of painting, but is a specially famous for
it's examples of Rembrant and Rubents. The british schools is
only moderately represented as the national collections are
shared with the Tate galerey. The National galerey was founded in
1824 when the government bought the collection of John Angerstein
which included 38 paintings. The Tate gtalery houses the national collection of british
painting from the 16-th century to the present day. It is also
the national galerey for modern art, including painting and
sculpture made in Britain, Europe, America and other countries.
It was opened in 1897 as the national galerey of british art. It
owes it's establishment to Suie Henritate who built the galerey
and gave his own collection of 65 painting. MOSCOW THEATRES For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of
theatres. The birth plays of the historic "Bolshoy", "Maly" and
"Moscow Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for
the development exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and
is famous for it's great number of highlygifted, interesting
directors, actors, playwrigts and artists. Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams
of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to
developing the principals of directing and acting laid down by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and
others. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres today
exists due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations. I'd like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre. The magestic building of the Bolshoy Theatre stands in
Sverdlov Square in Moscow's central quater, not far from Kremlin.
This is the leading Russian opera house with the best vocalists
and choreographers in it's company. The Bolshoi traces it's history to 1776 when a standing
opera company was organized in Moscow. The first opera shown in
Bolshoi theatre was opera "life of tsar" (now "Ivan Susanin").At
later times operas by Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin,
Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here. At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the best operas
and ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber,
Verdi and others. The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the
world's finest. This is equally true of it's brilliant realistic
style of perfomance and repertoire.
. ¨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
