? unconditional order to pay a determinate sum of money ? Aiaeeeneee
oaeno caeiia i?eaiaeeony ii ecaeaieth International Trade Law. West
Publishing Co.,USA, 1993
, oi anoue aaconeiaiia ?anii?yaeaiea oieaoeoue ii?aaeae?iioth noiio
aeaiaa. Oaeie ia?aaiae nieiaao aii?inu i iiiaioa aicieeiiaaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa o?annaoa ( iii ii?aaeae?iii nouanoaoao ia iiiaio
ninoaaeaiey aaenaey, iiaeiaii iaycaoaeuenoao ieaoaeueueea ii /aeo - e
yoi ieeiei ia?acii ia ia?ooaao i?eioeeia ?aaiii?aaey noauaeoia
i?aaiioiioaiee ), e i aaconeiaii aeaiaaeiii i?aaeiaoa aaenaeueiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa.
?name of the person who is to pay ( drawee ) ? - ? eiy oiai, eoi
aeieaeai ieaoeoue ( o?annaoa ) ? : ?is to pay ? (aeieaeai ieaoeoue )
iaeiicia/ii oeacuaaao ia iaycaiiinoue o?annaoa (ia?aae o?annaioii )
niaa?oeoue ieao?ae. E niaeaeaieth, noi?iiieee ooaa?aeaeaiey i
aicieeiiaaiee iaycaoaeuenoaa o?annaoa n iiiaioa aeoeaioa i?ioiaeyo ieii
aiaeiae/ii ia?aaaae?iiiai a Iieiaeaiee. Nei?aa n iiiaioa aeoeaioa
o?annaoa naycuaaao iaycaoaeuenoai ia?aae aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai.
Iaycaoaeuenoai aaenaeaaeaoaey nouanoaoao n iiiaioa ninoaaeaiey aaenaey
e caeeth/aaony a oii /oiau aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iieo/ee a ii?aaeae?iiii
ianoa io ii?aaeae?iiiai eeoea ii?aaeae?iioth noiio aeaiaa.
Aicieeaao 2 i?aaiioiioaiey :
1) iaaeaeo aaenaeaaeaoaeai e ieaoaeueueeii, eioi?ue iaycai niaa?oeoue
aeaenoaey ( ieao?ae) a iieueco o?aoueaai eeoea ;
2) iaaeaeo aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai e aaenaeaaeaoaeai eioi?ue aeieaeai
iaania/eoue e ian?o ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca eniieiaiea yoiai iaycaoaeuenoaa
- aeaenoaey o?aoueaai eeoea. Iaycaoaeuenoai o?annaoa ia?aae
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai aicieeaao n iiiaioa aeoeaioa. Ia?aaiaeiie aaenaeue
eae oeaiiay aoiaaa oaeinoiaa?yao i?aai aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey iieo/eoue
ieao?ae a ii?aaeae?iiii ianoa io ii?aaeae?iiiai eeoea. Iaycaoaeuenoai
naycuaaao aaenaeaaeaoaey, a iinea aeoeaioa e o?annaoa. A ioee/ea io /aea
( aeiieoeeee?iaaiiiai i?inoiai aaenaey ) aicieeatho i?aaiioiioaiey
iaaeaeo o?annaoii e aoiaaiaea?aeaoaeai.
? Aii?in i oii, i?eia?aoaao ee aea?aeaoaeue ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey i?aai
o?aaiaaiey, ia iniiaaiee eioi?iai auaeai aeieoiaio, ?aoaaony ii ianoo
ninoaaeaiey aeieoiaioa.? Oi anoue caeiiiaeaoaeue i?aaeoniao?eaaao
aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey aieaa i?inoie, iaaeaee auoaoeacaiiay,
th?eaee/aneie eiino?oeoeee, a eioi?ie aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue e ieaoaeueuee
a naieo i?aaao e iaycaiiinoyo aei aeoeaioa aoaeoo naycaiu
iaiin?aaenoaaiii, a ia /a?ac aaenaeaaeaoaey. Aaaaeaiea niioaaonoaothuaai
iieiaeaiey a iaoeeiiaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai niyei au iiiai aii?inia.
O?aca ? iaycothnue oieaoeoue ii ianoiyuaio aaenaeth....?, iiiau?iiay ia
aaenaea, aeaeaao ie/oiaeiuie i?eienee i any/aneeo nii?iaiaeeoaeueiuo
ienueiao, ia?aie/aiee e?oaa aiciiaeiuo i?aaeuyaeoaeae e o.ae., eioi?uie
eciaeeoao nia?aiaiiay ?inneeneay i?aeoeea, anee iie ia iaiai?aiu eae
oneiaey inouanoaeaiey ieaoaaea. E i?eia?o, caueuaoueny io
aeia?iniaanoiiai aea?aeaoaey iiaeii eeoue iin?aaenoaii aeeth/aiey
iaiai?ee oeia ? iaycothnue oieaoeoue ii ianoiyuaio aaenaeth i?e oneiaee
i?aaeinoaaeaiey nii?iaiaeeoaeueiiai ienueia ? ii yoi naeaeaao aoiaao
ie/oiaeiie eae aaenaeue. A oi aea a?aiy aaenaeueiia iaycaoaeuenoai ia
yaeyaony aaniethoii aaconeiaiui, oae eae iiae?acoiaaaaiui oneiaeai aai
inouanoaeaiey aoaeao i?aaeuyaeaiea a iaaeeaaeauai ianoa, a iaaeeaaeauee
n?ie. Caeiiiaeaoaeue, aiai?y i aaconeiaiinoe, oaeei ia?acii no?iai
iaiaa?eaaao e iaeneiaeueii nie?auaao /enei oaeeo oneiaee.
E niaeaeaieth, ia i?aeoe/aneii o?iaia i?iaeaia ?aoaiey ia eiaao, oae eae
aieueoay /anoue oaeeo aaenaeaaeaoaeae yaeyaony aieaa eee iaiaa e?oiiuie
i?iiuoeaiiuie iiino?aie, oniao noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa n eioi?uie e
iieo/aiea aaenaeueiuo noii aieaa /ai niiieoaeueiu, a oi?iu?iiiai
ii?yaeea acuneaiey aaenaeueiuo aeieaia aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao.
Ie/aai ia aiai?eony ia iaycaoaeueiinoe auaea/e aaenaeae ia niaoeaeaieao,
/oi aeaeaao aiciiaeiui auaea/o aaenaeae ia ethaie aoiaaa. I?aaaea, ca
ia?ooaiea eino?oeoeee e oeacia, yoi cai?auathueo, iiaoo auoue iaeiaeaiu
acuneaiey. Ii aaenaey inoaioony aeaenoaeoaeueiuie, oae eae
en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue iaaeinoaoeia aaenaey, aai ii?i/aueo, oaeiai
iniiaaiey iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aaenaey ia ciaao.
2. Aeieoiaio, a eioi?ii ionoonoaoao eaeia-eeai ec iaicia/aiee,
oeacaiiuo a i?aaeoanoaothuae noaouea, ia eiaao neeu ia?aaiaeiiai
aaenaey, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, ii?aaeaeaiiuo a neaaeothueo ieaea
aacaoeao:
Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, n?ie ieaoaaea ii eioi?iio ia oeacai,
?anniao?eaaaony eae iiaeeaaeauee iieaoa ii i?aaeuyaeaiee.
I?e ionoonoaee iniaiai oeacaiey ianoi, iaicia/aiiia ?yaeii n
iaeiaiiaaieai ieaoaeueueea, n/eoaaony ianoii ieaoaaea e aianoa n oai
ianoii aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea.
Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, a eioi?ii ia oeacaii ianoi aai
ninoaaeaiey, i?eciaaony iiaeienaiiui a ianoa, iaicia/aiiii ?yaeii n
iaeiaiiaaieai aaenaeaaeaoaey.
? is invalid as a bill of exchange ? iaaeaenoaeoaeai a ea/anoaa
ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey. Yoi eanaaony e iaaeicaiieiaiiuo aaenaeae. Oaeay
aoiaaa noaiiaeony aaenaeai n iiiaioa aeicaiieiaiey. ?Iaaeiaaenaeue?
iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeai eae ?anii?yaeeoaeueiia ienueii,
aeieacaoaeuenoai caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a caeia e o.ae.
I?ioeaiou ia/eneythony ni aeiy ninoaaeaiey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, anee
ia oeacaia ae?oaay aeaoa.
I/aaeaeii no?aieaiea caeiiiaeaoaey ?aoeeiiaeece?iaaoue an? ianeieueei
yoi aiiaua aiciiaeii. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, anee ecaanoii, eaeoth aaee/eio
ninoaaeo ?acia? i?ioeaioia e n?ieo ieaoaaea ( eiie?aoiue aeaiue ), oi
i?iua aeeth/eoue yoo ii?aaeae?iioth noiio a noiio aaenaey. Anee aea
i?ioeaiou an? - oaee oeacaiu, oi, aeaeeii o?annaio i?inoi ioeany e
niioaaonoaothuaa oneiaea i?inoi ia i?eieiaaony ai aieiaiea.
I?ioeaioiay noaaea ia aeieaeia auoue oeacaia ioo?i nnueee ia eaeoth-eeai
noaaeo ( e i?eia?o, Oeaio?iaaiea ?o ). Iieaaath /oi neaaeoao
i?eaea?aeeaaoueny aoeaaeueiiai oieeiaaiey, oi anoue oeacuaaoue
eiie?aoioth noaaeo. Eia/a aaenaeue oa?yao oa?aeoa?ioth aeey iaai
naiiaeinoaoi/iinoue. Aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aa ec oaeiai aaenaey
iaiaoiaeeii aoaeao i?aaeinoaaeyoue aeiiieieoaeueiua aeieoiaiou, /oi naii
ii naaa yaeyaony iioaioeeaeueiui enoi/ieeii ?aciiaeanee e nii?ia.
6. Anee noiia ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey iaicia/aia e i?iienueth e
oeeo?aie, oi a neo/aa ?aciiaeaney iaaeaeo yoeie iaicia/aieyie aaenaeue
eiaao neeo ia noiio, iaicia/aiioth i?iienueth.
Anee a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea noiia iaicia/aia ianeieueei ?ac, eeai
i?iienueth, eeai oeeo?aie, oi a neo/aa ?aciiaeaney iaaeaeo yoeie
iaicia/aieyie aaenaeue eiaao neeo eeoue ia iaiueooth noiio.
A neo/aa iaee/ey ia aaenaea ?acee/iuo oeacaiee noiiu i?iienueth e
oeeo?aie iiaeeaaeeo oieaoa iaeiaiueoay ec iaienaiiuo i?iienueth.
Anee aea o?aeoiaaoue /. 2 yoie noaouee eae iaiaoiaeeiinoue auai?a ec
anaaiciiaeiuo noii ia aaenaea iaeiaiueoae, oi oa?yaony niune /. 1,
onoaiaaeeaathuae i?ei?eoao ? i?iieniie ? noiiu. Nei?aa caeiiiaeaoaeue
eiaao a aeaeo iaiaoiaeeiinoue auai?a iaeiaiueoae ec ? i?iieniuo ?, a
anee eo iao, oi iaeiaiueoae ec ? oeeo?iauo ? aaenaeueiuo noii.
7. Anee ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea eiathony iiaeiene eeoe, ia
niiniaiuo iaycuaaoueny ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth, iiaeiene iiaeeiaeiua
eee iiaeiene auiuoeaiiuo eeoe, eee aea iiaeiene, eioi?ua ii
anyeiio eiiio iniiaaieth ia iiaoo iaycuaaoue oao eeoe, eioi?ua eo
iinoaaeee, eee io eiaie eioi?uo ii iiaeienai, oi iiaeiene ae?oaeo eeoe
ana aea ia oa?ytho neeu.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, yoi aea?o aeiiieieoaeueiua aa?aioee aea?aeaoaeyi
aaenaey, oae eae iiaeiene aaaeenoia iaycuaatho eo aeaaea a neo/aa anee
iaycaoaeuenoai, eie iaania/eaaaiia, iaaeaenoaeoaeueii ii iniiaaieth
iaiieiiii/iinoe, iaaeaaniiniaiinoe eeoea e o.i.
8. Eaaeaeue, eoi iiaeienae ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue a ea/anoaa
i?aaenoaaeoaey eeoea, io eiaie eioi?iai ii ia aue oiieiiii/ai
aeaenoaiaaoue, nai iaycai ii aaenaeth e, anee ii oieaoee, eiaao oa aea
i?aaa, eioi?ua eiae au oio, eoi aue oeacai a ea/anoaa
i?aaenoaaeyaiiai. A oaeii aea iieiaeaiee iaoiaeeony i?aaenoaaeoaeue,
eioi?ue i?aaunee naie iieiiii/ey.
A i?aeoeea ano?a/athony neo/ae iaaeia?iniaanoiiai iiaaaeaiey eeoe,
oeacaiiuo a aaenaea a ea/anoaa iaycaiiuo eee eeoe, iaaeia?iniaanoii
i?eieiathueo iaycaoaeuenoaa yeiau io eiaie ae?oaiai eeoea, eioi?ia oaeeo
iieiiii/ee aio ia aeaaaei.
A oaeeo neo/ayo iiaeii nnueaoueny ia /.2 i.1 no. 185 AE ?O (
i/aaeaeiinoue iieiiii/iinoe ec ianoaiiaee ) eee aea i?aaeuyaeyoue
o?aaiaaiey e eeoeai, i?aauneaoei naie iieiiii/ey. I?iaeaia ineiaeiyaony
ionoonoaeai aiciiaeiinoe i?eiaiaiey a ?innee aeey iiaeienaiey aaenaeae
iaoaie/aneeo iiaeienae, a ioee/ea io NOA. A ?acoeueoaoa aaenaey aeieaeiu
auoue iiaeienaiu ia?aui eeoeii, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa nouanoaoao aieaa
aunieay aa?iyoiinoue oiai /oi eeoei, iiaeienuaathuaa aaenaeue io eiaie
i?aaiecaoeee, ia yoi ia oiieiiii/aii.
Aieaa oiai, iiaaeea ec caeiia ? I aooaaeoa?neii o/?oa ? ( /.3 i. 3 no.
7 ) aiai?eo i oii /oi ? Aac iiaeiene aeaaiiai aooaaeoa?a aeaiaaeiua e
?an/?oiua aeieoiaiou, oeiainiaua e e?aaeeoiua iaycaoaeuenoaa n/eoathony
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie e ia aeieaeiu i?eieiaoueny e eniieiaieth.? Oi anoue
a niioaaonoaee n iae aooaaeoa? aeieaeai iiae no?aoii
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iiaeienuaaoue aaenaey, aaaee, aeoeaiou e
eiaeinnaiaiou.
Ii-aeaeeiiio , oeaeaniia?acii o?aaiaaoue iiaeiene aeaaiiai aooaaeoa?a ,
ii n ae?oaie noi?iiu aeiiieieoaeueiia o?aaiaaiea e i?inoie ienueiaiiie
oi?ia naeaeee , onoaiaaeeaaaiia a niioaaonoaee n /.3 i.1 no.160 AE ?O ia
aeieaeii aeaenoaiaaoue a ioiioaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai caeiia a
niioaaonoaee n i.4 no.15 Eiinoeoooeee ?O.
9. Aaenaeaaeaoaeue ioaa/aao ca aeoeaio e ca ieaoaae.
Ii iiaeao neiaeeoue n naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeoeaio; anyeia
oneiaea, ii eioi?iio ii neaaaao n naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ieaoaae,
n/eoaaony iaiaienaiiui.
Oneiaea ?aac ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aeoeaio ...? Aaeia A.A.,Oeac.ni/., N.
114ioeeaaeuaaao iiiaio aiciiaeiinoe i?aaeuyaeaiey aaenaey
aaenaeaaeaoaeth a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna a neo/aa iaaeoeaioa aaenaey aei
n?iea ieaoaaea.
10. Anee ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, ia caiieiaiiue e iiiaioo auaea/e, aue
caiieiai a i?ioeai?a/ee n ninoiyaoeieny niaeaoaieyie, oi
ianiaethaeaiea yoeo niaeaoaiee ia iiaeao auoue i?ioeaiiinoaaeaii
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth, anee oieueei ii ia i?eia?ae ia?aaiaeiue
aaenaeue iaaeia?iniaanoii eee aea, i?eia?aoay aai, ia niaa?oee
a?oaie iainoi?iaeiinoe.
Niioaaonoaothuay noaouey aea?o aiciiaeiinoue acaeiii iaaciianeoueny
eiio?aaaioai , ae?oa ae?oao ia aiieia aeiaa?ythuei. E i?eia?o
ieaoaeueuee auaea?o i?e ?an/?oa ii iinoaaea iinoaaueeo ia iieiioeaiiue
aaenaeue, a iaaeicaiieiaiiue ( n iaiai?eie ? ia i?eeaco ? eee oeacaieai
ia oi, n eaeiai iiiaioa aoiaaa aeieaeia noaoue iieiioeaiiui aaenaeai,
/oiau ecaaaeaoue ano?a/e n aeia?iniaanoiui aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai i?e
ia?ooaiee iinoaaueeii oneiaee niaeaoaiey ) e iaeiia?aiaiii
iiaeienuaaaony niaeaoaiea i oii eiaaea e eae iinoaauee yoo aoiaao
caiieieo.
Eioa?an iieoiaoaey ninoieo a oii /oi a neo/aa caiieiaiey aaenaey a
ia?ooaiey oneiaee niaeaoaiey ei iiaoo auoue i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu
niioaaonoaothuea aic?aaeaiey i?e ieaoaaea. Eioa?an iinoaaueea ninoieo a
oii /oi ii iieo/aao aa?aioeth oiai /oi a neo/aa aeia?iniaanoiiai
eniieiaiey oneiaee eiio?aeoa ii iieo/aao ieao?ae ii aaenaeth eee ca
aaenaeue, a iniaaiiinoe anee aaenaeue aeiieoeeee?iaai a aaiea eee
aaaee?iaai iaae?aeiie eiiiaieae.
a) iaaeaeaiea eiaeinnaioa i?aaii noaaeoue naith ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii
aaenaeth a caaeneiinoue io iaiai?aiiuo ei n?ieia i?aaeuyaeaiey, o.a.
eciaiyoue oneiaea aaenaey;
a) aini?auaoue eiaeinne?iaaiea aaenaey ;
a) naiinoiyoaeueiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue eiaeinnaioia.
Oi anoue eeoei ( ia?aue i?eia?aoaoaeue ), eiathuaa a neeo aaenaey i?aai
o?aaiaaiey e aaenaeaaeaoaeth ioiineoaeueii iieo/aiey ieaoaaea io
o?annaoa, iiaeao a neeo yoiai aunoaaeoue ia o?annaoa iiaue aaenaeue, ii
/oiau ia i?aoiiiaeaoue nouiinoue ?auaeaaony? aaenaeue n oneiaeyie,
niioaaonoaothueie ia?aiia/aeueiiio. E niaeaeaieth, yoa oi/ea c?aiey
aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui aaciai?ioiue eiaeinnaiaio e ia iauyniyao
eaaeoeiiinoe i?eia?aoaoaey aaenaey io iaaeia?iniaanoiiai eeoea. Aieaa
i?aaeeueiui neaaeoao n/eoaoue acaeyae ia eiaeinnaiaio eae niinia
ia?aaea/e i?aa. A yoii neo/aa eciaiaiea n?ieia e o.ae. aoaeao oneiaeai
inouanoaeaiey i?aa. Eiaeinnaiaio i?aaeiieaaaao aaoiiaoe/aneia
ii?o/eoaeuenoai ca aaenaeaaeaoaey, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii ( ?aac
iai?ioa ?). A neo/aa i?eia?aoaiey aaenaey io iaaeia?iniaanoiiai
io/oaeaeaoaey, caeiiiaeaoaeue, eae e a neo/aa n i?aaeuyaeoaeueneeie
aoiaaaie, eeoaao oo?aoeaoaai aaenaeue i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe e iaaeaeyao ei
aeia?iniaanoiiai i?eia?aoaoaey. Nicaeaiea eiino?oeoeee, iauyniythuae
yoio oaiiiai ?ia?aciaiiiai iyoa/ea?, nianoaaiii e yaeyaony oeaeueth
aiaaeiaiai?iuo oai?ee.
Eneeth/eoaeueiue aeae ia?aoiaea i?aa ii aaenaeth i?enoonoaoao i?e
oieaa?naeueiii i?aaii?aainoaa. ( Oioy oi?iaeueiuo ia?aie/aiee niiniaia
ia?aoiaea i?aa ii aaenaeth Iieiaeaiea ia niaea?aeeo. Oai?aoe/anee
aiciiaeii i?aaeuyaeoue e ieaoaaeo aaenaeue e n ?ac?uaii ?yaea
eiaeinnaiaioia, i?eeiaeea aeieoiaio, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuee i?aaiia?iinoue
i?eia?aoaiey aaenaey eeoeii, ia?aui iinea oaeiai ?ac?uaa. Ii yoi aoaeao
ia?ooaieai i?eioeeia aaenaeueiie naiiaeinoaoi/iinoe.)
Aeinoieinoai eiaeinnaiaioa caeeth/aaony a :
a) aeinoaoi/iinoe aeey eaaeoeiaoeee aea?aeaoaey ( no.16 Iieiaeaiey )
a) iaania/eoaeueneie ooieoeee.
A neo/aa iainiiaaiey i?aa ec aaenaey eiui niiniaii aea?aeaoaeth
iaiaoiaeeii aoaeao aeieacuaaoue naith eaaeoeiiinoue ( naeaeaoaeuenoai i
ianeaaenoaa e o.ae.). E?iia oiai, a yoii neo/aa ( oeannee ) aiciiaeiu
aic?aaeaiey ni noi?iiu iaycaiiuo eeoe, iniiaaiiua ia eo ioiioaieyo n
i?aaeuaeoueie aea?aeaoaeyie, oae eae iaiai?ea a eneeth/aiea ec iauaai
i?aaeea ( no. 17 ) aeey o/anoieeia aaenaeueiuo ioiioaiee, cai?auathuay
oaeea aic?aaeaiey, aeaenoaoao eeoue aeey ? eiaeinnaioiuo ?
i?aaiiaeaaeaoaeae.
15. Eiaeinnaio, iineieueeo ia iaiai?aii ia?aoiia, ioaa/aao ca
aeoeaio e ca ieaoaae.
Ii iiaeao aini?aoeoue iiaue eiaeinnaiaio; a oaeii neo/aa ii ia
ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae oaie eeoeaie, a iieueco eioi?uo
aaenaeue aue iinea yoiai eiaeinne?iaai.
Aiaeiae/ii aaenaeaaeaoaeth, eiaeinnaio iiaeao inaiaiaeeoue naay io
?aa?anniuo iaycaiiinoae aei n?iea ieaoaaea a neo/aa iaiai?ee ?aac
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aeoeaio?.
Eiaeinnaio iiaeao aeeth/eoue iaiai?eo ? aac iai?ioa ia iaiy ?, ii yoi
aoaeao iaaeaaii?eyoii aeeyoue ia eeeaeaeiinoue aaenaey. A yoii neo/aa
i?aeoe/iaa i?ineoue io/oaeaeaoaey i?inoaaeoue aeaieiaue eiaeinnaiaio.
Anee aaenaeaaeaoaeue n/?e iaiaoiaeeiui auaeaoue aaenaeue ia?aaeaaaaiui,
oi cai?ao eiaeinnaioa ia ia?aaea/o aaenaey ia?ooeo aai aieth. N ae?oaie
noi?iiu, eiaeinnaio ia aeieaeai auoue eeo?i aiciiaeiinoe ii?aaeaeyoue
/enei aiciiaeiuo o?aaiaaiee e naaa io iineaaeothueo eiaeinnaoia.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue ii?aaeaeee, /oi cai?ao ia ia?aaea/o aaenaey aeaenoaoao a
i?aaeaeao ioiioaiee iaaeaeo eiaeinnaioii e eiaeinnaoii e inaiaiaeaeaao
eiaeinnaioa io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae iineaaeothueie aea?aeaoaeyie, ia
aeaeay iaeiaei, aaenaey iaia?aaeaaaaiui.
16. Eeoei, o eioi?iai iaoiaeeony ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue,
?anniao?eaaaony eae caeiiiue aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue, anee iii iniiauaaao
naia i?aai ia iai?a?uaiii ?yaea eiaeinnaiaioia, aeaaea anee iineaaeiee
eiaeinnaiaio yaeyaony aeaieiaui. Ca/a?eiooua eiaeinnaiaiou n/eoathony
i?e yoii iaiaienaiiuie. Eiaaea ca aeaieiaui eiaeinnaiaioii neaaeoao
ae?oaie eiaeinnaiaio, oi eeoei, iiaeienaaoaa iineaaeiee,
n/eoaaony i?eia?aooei aaenaeue ii aeaieiaiio eiaeinnaiaioo.
Anee eoi-eeai eeoeeny aeaaeaiey aaenaeai a neeo eaeiai au oi ie auei
niauoey, oi eeoei, o eioi?iai aaenaeue iaoiaeeony e eioi?ia
iainiiauaaao naia i?aai ii?yaeeii, oeacaiiui a i?aaeuaeouai aacaoea,
iaycaii ioaeaoue aaenaeue eeoue a oii neo/aa, anee iii i?eia?aei aai
iaaeia?iniaanoii eee aea, i?eia?aoay aai, niaa?oeei a?oaoth
iainoi?iaeiinoue.
I/aaeaeii, ?a/ue eae?o ia ia eneeth/eoaeueiii niiniaa eaaeoeiaoeee
aea?aeaoaey, ii i aeinoaoi/iii aeey ioaee/iie aeinoiaa?iinoe. Aeaiiia
oaaaeaeaiea iniiaaii ia aiciiaeiinoe iieo/aiey ieaoaaea e aac
eaaeoeiaoeee iin?aaenoaii eiaeinnaiaioia, a /anoiinoe, i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee
naeaeaoaeuenoaa i ianeaaenoaa.
Aaenaeue iiaeao auoue eno?aaiaai io aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey a neo/ayo anee :
? he has acquired it in bad faith, or unless in acquiring it he has been
guilty of gross negligence ? - ? ii i?eia??e aai iaaeia?iniaanoii, eee
i?eia?aoay aai, aue aeiiaai a a?oaie iainoi?iaeiinoe ?, oi anoue
caeiiiaeaoaeue iaiaa no?ia, iaaeaee ia?aaiae/ee. A ?inneeneii i?aaa
iainoi?iaeiinoue yaeyaony oi?iie aeiu, ii caeiiiaeaoaeue yaii
aeiioneaao aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey iaaeiiaiie a?oaie
iainoi?iaeiinoe.
17. Eeoea, e eioi?ui i?aaeuyaeai ene ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth, ia
iiaoo i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth aic?aaeaiey, iniiaaiiua ia
eo ee/iuo ioiioaieyo e aaenaeaaeaoaeth eee e i?aaeoanoaothuei
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeyi, anee oieueei aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue,
i?eia?aoay aaenaeue, ia aeaenoaiaae niciaoaeueii a oua?a aeieaeieeo.
Cai?ao ia aic?aaeaiey aaenaeaaeaoaeth, iniiaaiiua ia ioiioaieyo n
i?aaeoanoaothueie aea?aeaoaeyie, yaeyaony oa?aeoa?iui i?eia?ii ?acee/ey
iaaeaeo eiaeinnaiaioii e oeanneae. Eiaeinnaiaio ia iiaeao auoue
/anoe/iui, a oaeaea aeiea aea?aeaoaey ia?aae iaycaiiui ii aaenaeth
eeoeii ia aaneo i?aa ec aaenaey.
E?iia oiai, aea?aeaoaeth aaenaey aiieia iiaoo auoue i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu
aic?aaeaiey, iniiaaiiua ia aai ioiioaieyo n iaycaiiui eeoeii. Yoi
iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony e a /.2 no.18, aaea i?yii aiai?eony i aiciiaeiinoe
auaeaeaeaiey aic?aaeaiee aaenaeueiiio iiaa?aiiiio, iniiaaiiuo ia
ioiioaieyo n aeiaa?eoaeai.
Yoi ieeiei ia?acii ia aeeyao ia aano?aeoiinoue aaenaeueiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa. I?inoi a yoii neo/aa a iauai ii?yaeea aeaiaaeiiio
o?aaiaaieth ec aano?aeoiiai aaenaeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa iiaoo auoue
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu iaeii?iaeiua (aeaiaaeiua) o?aaiaaiey ec ae?oaiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Inia?eaaiea i?aaa ec aaenaey ii iioeao aacaeaiaaeiinoe iaaeiionoeii, oae
eae a yoii neo/aa ouaieythony eioa?anu aeia?iniaanoiuo aea?aeaoaeae.
E?iia oiai , Iieiaeaiea ia ciaao oaeiai iniiaaiey iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
aaenaey.
18. Anee eiaeinnaiaio niaea?aeeo iaiai?eo "aaethoa e iieo/aieth",
"ia eieanni", "eae aeiaa?aiiiio" eee anyeoth eioth iaiai?eo, eiathuoth
a aeaeo i?inoia ii?o/aiea, aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao inouanoaeyoue
ana i?aaa, auoaeathuea ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ii eiaeinne?iaaoue
aai ii iiaeao oieueei a ii?yaeea i?aii?o/aiey.
Iaycaiiua eeoea iiaoo a oaeii neo/aa cayaeyoue i?ioea
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey oieueei oaeea aic?aaeaiey, eioi?ua iiaee au auoue
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu eiaeinnaioo.
Ii?o/aiea, eioi?ia niaea?aeeony a i?aii?o/eoaeueiii eiaeinnaiaioa, ia
i?ae?auaaony aneaaenoaea nia?oe i?aii?o/eoaey eee ianooieaiey aai
iaaeaaniiniaiinoe.
Ia anaaaea eiaeinnao eiaao aiciiaeiinoue eee aeaeaiea inouanoaeyoue
iaiaoiaeeiua aeaenoaey ( i?aaeuyaeaiea e aeoeaioo, ieaoaaeo e o. ae. ).
A yoii neo/aa ii ii?o/aao inouanoaeoue yoi aeaenoaea ae?oaiio eeoeo.
Niiniaii eaaeoeiaoeee iineaaeiaai e aoaeao i?aii?o/eoaeueiue
eiaeinnaiaio. A ioee/ea io iauaa?aaeaeaineiai ii?o/aiey aiciiaeiinoue
ia?aaeiaa?ey i?acthie?oaony.
19. Anee eiaeinnaiaio niaea?aeeo iaiai?eo "aaethoa a iaania/aiea",
"aaethoa a caeia" eee anyeoth eioth iaiai?eo, eiathuoth a aeaeo caeia,
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao inouanoaeyoue ana i?aaa, auoaeathuea
ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ii iinoaaeaiiue ei eiaeinnaiaio eiaao
neeo eeoue a ea/anoaa i?aii?o/eoaeueiiai eiaeinnaiaioa.
Iaycaiiua eeoea ia iiaoo cayaeyoue i?ioea aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey
aic?aaeaiee, iniiaaiiuo ia eo ee/iuo ioiioaieyo e eiaeinnaioo, anee
oieueei aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue, iieo/ay aaenaeue, ia aeaenoaiaae
niciaoaeueii a oua?a aeieaeieeo.
A ioee/ea io iauaa?aaeaeaineiai caeiaa a oaeii eiaeinnaiaioa ia
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu auoue oeacaiu ana iyoue nouanoaaiiuo oneiaee
aeiaiai?a caeiaa, aac eioi?uo ii aoaeao iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui. Ia aiai?y i
aiaaeiaiai?iie i?e?iaea eiaeinnaiaioa, iiaeii oeacaoue ia oaeia
iaaeaaii?eyoiia iineaaenoaea auoaoeacaiiiai ii?yaeea eae ciaeiinoai
iineaaeothueo i?eia?aoaoaeae n nouanoaii iaania/eaaaiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Iaiaoiaeeiui e aeinoaoi/iui aeey aicieeiiaaiey i?aaa aaenaeueiiai caeiaa
aoaeao caeiaiaue eiaeinnaiaio. E?iia oiai, caeiiiaeaoaeue yaii
i?aaeiieaaae aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey ieaoaaea ii oaeiio aaenaeth aac
aeiiieieoaeueiuo niaeaoaiee n eiaeinnaioii. Aeaeeii, ec yoie noiiu e
aeieaeii auoue oaeiaeaoai?aii eiathuaany e eiaeinnaioo o
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey o?aaiaaiea. Niioaaonoaothuay noaouey aaeeiiia?aciiai
caeiia iaeiicia/ii eniieuecoao iiiyoea ?pledge? ( caeia, caaa?aiea ) ia
a iiieiaiee AE ?O 1994 aiaea, a eae iniaue niinia iaania/aiey eniieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa iin?aaenoaii aaenaey. Noi?iiieeai aea iauaa?aaeaeaineeo
niiniaia iaania/aiey oaeay aiciiaeiinoue ia cai?auaia e iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny iin?aaenoaii ninoaaeaiey iau/iiai aeiaiai?a caeiaa eae n
ia?aaea/ae aaenaey, oae e aac oaeiaie. Eiia/ii aea, ia?aaea/a aaenaey n
aeaieiaui eiaeinnaiaioii aieaa i?aaeii/oeoaeueia aeey caeiaiaea?aeaoaey.
A i?eioeeia, iiaeii aiai?eoue i aaenaeueiie ?aciiaeaeiinoe iau/iiai
caeiaa, ii iaa?yae ee yoi oeaeaniia?acii, oae eae ?acee/ee o oaeiai
caeiaa n iau/iui ai?acaei aieueoa /ai iauaai.
I?aaeea i caeiaa ( a /anoiinoe, ia i/a??aeiinoe oaeiaeaoai?aiey
e?aaeeoi?ia ) e aaenaeueiiio caeiao i?eiaiyoueny ia aeieaeiu aaeaeo aai
yaiiai iniaaiiiai io caeiaa oa?aeoa?a. Ii nooe yoi naiinoiyoaeueiue
niinia iaania/aiey eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue aeoeaio eae auaea/o i?inoiai aaenaey. I?e
i?aaeuyaeaiee e aeoeaioo iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe eaaeoeie?iaaoueny
eiaeinnaiaioaie, aeiaa?aiiinoyie e o.i., oae eae aeoeaio anee e
ii?iaeaeaao i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaeuyaeoaeai e aeoeaioaioii, oi
oieueei /a?ac i?aai ec aanaey, anee i?aaeuyaeoaeue ei iaeaaeaao.
Ii yoi eeoue /anoiue neo/ae, aiciiaeii i?aaeuaeaiea aaenaey e aeoeaioo e
niaa?oaiii iinoi?iiiei eeoeii. I/aaeaeii, aic?aaeaiey ieaoaeueueea
i?ioea oaeie ?iaeaaeoeiiinoe? i?aaeuyaeoaey ia aeieaeiu i?eieiaoueny ai
aieiaiea.
22. Ai anyeii ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao
iaoneiaeoue, /oi aaenaeue aeieaeai auoue i?aaeuyaeai e aeoeaioo
n iacia/aieai eee aac iacia/aiey n?iea.
Ii iiaeao aini?aoeoue a aaenaea i?aaeuyaeaiea aai e aeoeaioo, anee
oieueei aeaei ia eaeao i ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea, eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa
o o?aoueaai eeoea, eee i aaenaea, eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa a
eiii ianoa, /ai ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea, eee i aaenaea,
eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie ii i?aaeuyaeaiee.
Ii iiaeao oaeaea iaoneiaeoue, /oi i?aaeuyaeaiea e aeoeaioo ia iiaeao
eiaoue ianoi ?aiaa iacia/aiiiai n?iea.
Eaaeaeue eiaeinnaio iiaeao iaoneiaeoue, /oi aaenaeue aeieaeai auoue
i?aaeuyaeai e aeoeaioo n iacia/aieai n?iea eee aac aai iacia/aiey,
anee oieueei aaenaeue ia iauyaeai aaenaeaaeaoaeai ia iiaeeaaeauei
aeoeaioo.
Aini?auaiea ia i?aaeuyaeaiea aeey aeoeaioa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
i?iiaaeooi/iue aa?eaio iaaeaeo iieiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ca iaaeoeaio e
ionoonoaeai oaeie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A neo/ayo, oeacaiiuo a noaouea,
aaenaeaaeaoaeue aoaeao ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iaaeoeaio oieueei iinea
enoa/aiey ?cai?aoiiai? n?iea. Ii yoi ia cia/eo /oi aaenaeue ia iiaeao
auoue i?aaeuyaeai aeey aeoeaioa e aeoeaioiaai.
Iaaiciiaeai eeoue i?ioano a iaaeoeaioa e, niioaaonoaaiii, ?aa?anniue
oiae aaenaey aei n?iea ieaoaaea.
23. Ia?aaiaeiua aaenaey, iiaeeaaeauea iieaoa a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie io
i?aaeuyaeaiey, aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeuyaeaiu e aeoeaioo a oa/aiea
iaeiiai aiaea ni aeiy eo auaea/e.
Iaeei ec i?eia?ia, eiaaea eiaeinnaio iiaeao eciaieoue oneiaea aaenaey
( e a yoii ioiioaiee aaenaeueiia iaycaoaeuenoai ia yaeyaony aaniethoii
aaconeiaiui ), a /anoiinoe, i aiciiaeiinoe e n?iea i?aaeuyaeaiey e
aeoeaioo. Anoanoaaiii, oaeea eciaiaiey nayaeoo a niioaaonoaee ni no. 69
Iieiaeaiey eeoue iineaaeothueo i?eia?aoaoaeae.
Caeioa?aniaaiiua eeoea iiaoo nnueaoueny ia oi, /oi yoi
o?aaiaaiea ia auei auiieiaii oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee ia yoii
o?aaiaaiee auei oiiiyiooi a i?ioanoa.
Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue ia iaycai ia?aaeaaaoue ieaoaeueueeo aaenaeue,
i?aaeuyaeaiiue e aeoeaioo.
Iiyaeaiea aeaiiie noaouee yaeyaony eiae/aneei neaaenoaeai
iaii?aaeae?iiinoe ioiioaiee iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie aaenaeueiuo
i?aaiioiioaiee. N?ie yoio aea?ony n iaeiie eeoue oeaeueth aeaoue
ieaoaeueueeo aiciiaeiinoue a oa/aiea yoiai n?iea niaeaniaaoue n
aaenaeaaeaoaeai oneiaey, ia eioi?uo ieaoaeueuee aeano aeoeaio, oi anoue
iayaeaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?aae aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
iaoa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia aea?o aeoeaioaioo aa?aioee oiai /oi ieao?ae
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth inaiaiaeeo aai io ni?acia?iiai iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae
aaenaeaaeaoaeai.
Iaiaoeeee caeiiiaeaoaeue a 787 (1) Aa?iaineiai A?aaeaeaineiai oeiaeaiey
i?aaeoniio?ae /oi : ? A neo/aa i?eiyoey i?aea?iie aoiaae a n/?o aeieaa
anneaiao ( ieaoaeueuee - i?ei. aao.) iinea eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa a
?acia?a, niioaaonoaothuai aeieao , inaiaiaeaeaaony io aeieaa.?
Aa?iaineia i?aai, /anoue 1, I., 1996, N. 183
25. Aeoeaio ioia/aaony ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea. Ii au?aaeaaony
neiaii "aeoeaioiaai" eee anyeei ae?oaei ?aaiicia/auei neiaii; ii
iiaeienuaaaony ieaoaeueueeii. I?inoay iiaeienue ieaoaeueueea, naeaeaiiay
ia eeoeaaie noi?iia aaenaey, eiaao neeo aeoeaioa.
Anee aaenaeue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie
io i?aaeuyaeaiey eee anee ii aeieaeai auoue i?aaeuyaeai e
aeoeaioo (a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie) a neeo iniaiai oneiaey, oi aeoeaio
aeieaeai auoue aeaoe?iaai aeiai, a eioi?ue ii aue aeai, anee oieueei
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue ia iio?aaoao, /oiau ii aue aeaoe?iaai aeiai
i?aaeuyaeaiey. A neo/aa ionoonoaey aeaou aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue,
/oiau nio?aieoue naie i?aaa i?ioea eiaeinnaioia e i?ioea
aaenaeaaeaoaey, aeieaeai oaeinoiaa?eoue yoi oiouaiea naiaa?aiaiiui
niaa?oaieai i?ioanoa.
Aeoeaio niaiau?i caeiiiaeaoaeai n i?aaeuyaeaieai, oioy i?e?iaea yoeo
aeaenoaee ?acee/ia.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, niioaaonoaothuay ii?ia oi?iuaao iai?io. A neo/aa
ioeaca aeoeaioaioa i?inoaaeoue aeaoo aeoeaioa aea?aeaoaeue aeieaeai
niaa?oeoue i?ioano a iaaeaoe?iaaiee aeoeaioa.
26. Aeoeaio aeieaeai auoue i?inoui e ie/ai ia iaoneiaeaiiui,
iaeiaei, ieaoaeueuee iiaeao ia?aie/eoue aai /anoueth noiiu.
Anyeia eiia eciaiaiea, i?iecaaaeaiiia aeoeaioii a
niaea?aeaiee ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ?aaiineeueii ioeaco a
aeoeaioa. Iaeiaei aeoeaioaio ioaa/aao niaeanii niaea?aeaieth naiaai
aeoeaioa.
Aeoeaioaio, ai?noee a aaenaeue eciaiaiey cao?aaeaathuea ia oieueei
aaenaeueioth noiio, aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui i?eaea/aiea e ioaaonoaaiiinoe
ca iaieao?ae eiaeinnaioia, aaaeenoia e aaenaeaaeaoaey, oae eae iie
iaycuaaeenue ii ae?oaiio aaenaeth.
Ie/aai no?aoiiai a yoii iao, oae eae aea?aeaoaeue eiaao aiciiaeiinoue
auai?a iaaeaeo ?aa?annii ( iinea i?ioanoa a iaaeoeaioa ) e
oaeiaeaoai?aieai ec iiaiai aaenaey.
Ie i eaeeo iauaa?aaeaeaineeo iaycaoaeuenoaao ?a/e eaeoe ia iiaeao, oae
eae eciaiaiey ia aeieaeiu auoiaeeoue ca ?aiee o?aaiaaiee no.1
Iieiaeaiey, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa aoiaaa ia?anoa?o auoue aaenaeai.
Iaaiciiaeii e iaeiia?aiaiiia iieo/aiea oaeiaeaoai?aiey o aeoeaioaioa e
eeoe, iaycaiiuo a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna, oae eae i?e eniieiaiee
iaycaoaeuenoaa aoiaaa ecuiaaony.
27. Anee aaenaeaaeaoaeue oeacae a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea ianoi
ieaoaaea eiia, /ai ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea, ia oeacaa i?e yoii
o?aoueaai eeoea, o eioi?iai ieaoaae aeieaeai auoue niaa?oai,
oi ieaoaeueuee iiaeao oeacaoue oaeia eeoei i?e aeoeaioa. I?e
ionoonoaee oaeiai oeacaiey i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi aeoeaioaio iaycaeny
i?iecaanoe ieaoaae nai a ianoa ieaoaaea.
Anee aaenaeue iiaeeaaeeo iieaoa a ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea,
iineaaeiee iiaeao oeacaoue a aeoeaioa eaeie-eeai aae?an a oii aea
ianoa, a eioi?ii aeieaeai auoue i?iecaaaeai ieaoaae.
Aeaiiay noaouey aea?o aiciiaeiinoue aeoeaioaioo iacia/eoue ieao?ae a
ianoa, ioee/iii io aai ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa. Ii nouanoao, ?a/ue eae?o i
ieaoaaea a aaiea. Ethaia iaycaiiia ii aaenaeth eeoei eiaao i?aai
ioi?aaeoue anao o?aaiaaoaeae e naiaio oeiainiaiio aaaioo. Aeey
aaenaeaaeaoaey, eiaeinnaioia e aaaeenoia yoi iin?aaeieee ia neo/ae.
28. Ieaoaeueuee iin?aaenoaii aeoeaioa i?eieiaao ia naay
iaycaoaeuenoai iieaoeoue ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue a n?ie.
A neo/aa iaieaoaaea aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue, aeaaea anee ii yaeyaony
aaenaeaaeaoaeai, eiaao i?ioea aeoeaioaioa i?yiie ene, iniiaaiiue ia
ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea, a ioiioaiee anaai oiai, i /ai iiaeao auoue
i?aaeuyaeaii o?aaiaaiea niaeanii noaoueyi 48 e 49.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue onoaiaaeeaaao iniaue ii?yaeie caueou i?aa ( i?yiie ene )
i?ioea aeoeaioaioa, ioee/iue io iauaai ?aa?anniiai. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai ia?auaiey e ioaaonoaaiiui ( ia iaycaiiui !!! ) ii
aaenaeth eeoeai yaeyaony iaeniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueeii.
*oiau ciaoue aeinoiaa?ii /oi aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue aeaenoaeoaeueii
acaeee, e i?eia?o, a N-ne iieo/aoue ieao?ae ii aaenaeth, aaea aio auei
?aoeoaeueii ioeacaii ?aiaa aacoi?a/iui ieaoaeueueeii, caeiiiaeaoaeue
i?aaeoniio?ae iaiaoiaeeiinoue oaeinoiaa?aiey oaeeo oaeoia iioa?eonaie. A
i?ioeaiii neo/aa iieo/eeinue au, /oi ethaie ec eiaeinnaioia eee
aaaeenoia aoaeao i?eioaeae?i i?eia?anoe io, aiciiaeii,
iaaeia?iniaanoiiai aea?aeaoaey i?in?i/aiiue, oe?aaeaiiue eee eaeie -
eeai eiie aeaoaeoiue aaenaeue e ociaoue ia yoii ii i?eacaea a N-neee
a?aeo?aaeiue noae.
Ii ioaee/iue ii?yaeie oaeinoiaa?aiey iaieaoaaea ii aaenaeth i?e
ia?auaiee a noae n eneii i?ioea aeoeaioaioa ia ioaeai ( oioy e ia
cai?au?i ) ieeiio, aeeth/ay aeoeaioaioa, eioi?ue iaaa?iyea nai ciaao
eiio, a /?i e ii/aio ii ioeacae e niiaeao ?anneacaoue yoi noaea. Eiaiii
iiyoiio caeiiiaeaoaeai naeaeaia niioaaonoaothuay iaiai?ea.
I?aaenoaaeyaony iaiiiyoiui ?aoaiea Oaa?neiai a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea
?uaeeia I. Iaiaoiaeeii ee niaa?oaoue i?ioano aaenaey.// ?uiie oeaiiuo
aoiaa, 1996, ?12 , N.34, ioeacaaoaai a oaeiaeaoai?aiee enea e
aaenaeaaeaoaeth i?inoiai aaenaey ( i?e?aaiaiiiai e aeoeaioaioo no. 78
Iieiaeaiey ) aaeaeo ionoonoaey i?ioanoa.
29. Anee ieaoaeueuee, eioi?ue iinoaaee ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea
iaaeienue i naiai aeoeaioa, ca/a?eioe oaeiaoth aei aica?auaiey aaenaey,
oi n/eoaaony, /oi a aeoeaioa auei ioeacaii. Iineieueeo eiia ia aoaeao
aeieacaii, n/eoaaony, /oi ca/a?eeaaiea auei naeaeaii aei aica?auaiey
aeieoiaioa.
Iaeiaei, anee ieaoaeueuee ienueiaiii niiauee i naiai aeoeaioa
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth eee eiio-eeai ec iiaeienaaoeony, oi ii yaeyaony
iaycaiiui ia?aae ieie niaeanii oneiaeyi naiaai aeoeaioa.
Iieiaeaiey aeaiiie noaouee yaeythony iaeiei ec i?eia?ia ?acoiiiai
ia?aie/aiey e?aaoeeiiiie oai?ee. I/aaeaeii caeiiiaeaoaeue iiiaio
aicieeiiaaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa ieaoaeueueea ia?aiineo n iiiaioa
i?inoaaeaiey aeoeaioa ( e?aaoeeiiiay oai?ey) ia iiiaio aeia?iaieueiie
ia?aaea/e aaenaey ( yienneiiiay oai?ey ), anee yoi ia iiaeao iaianoe
oua?aa o?aoueei eeoeai ( a ii aiciiaeai e i?eia?o a neo/aa eiaaea ia
aeoeaioa niiauaii iioaioeeaeueiiio aaaeenoo, i?inoaaeythuaio a
?acoeueoaoa yoiai aaaeue ca aaenaeaaeaoaey ia iaeiii ec yecaiiey?ia
aaenaey , a caoai aeoeaio aiioee?iaai ).
AAAEUe
Iauaa?aaeaeaineia ii?o/eoaeuenoai a noa?a aaenaeueiuo ioiioaiee
o?ainoi?ie?iaaeinue a oae iacuaaaiue aaaeue, oi anoue niinia iaania/aiey
eniieiaiey aaenaeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa.
30. Ieaoaae ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth iiaeao auoue iaania/ai
iieiinoueth eee a /anoe aaenaeueiie noiiu iin?aaenoaii aaaey.
A i?aeoeea iineianeeo noaeia eiaaony eo?ue?ciue neo/ae eiaaea ?inienue
aooaaeoa?a auea i?eciaia aaaeai . Ia naiii aeaea yoi aano?ae , oae eae
aaaeai ?anoeaieaaaony i?inoay iiaeienue eeoea , auaeathuaai aaaeue e
anee eeoei iiaeao aeieacaoue /oi aaaeue iii auaeaaaoue ia niae?aeinue ,
oi no?aiii n/eoaoue yoo iiaeienue aaaeai .
32. Aaaeeno ioaa/aao oae aea, eae e oio, ca eiai ii aeae aaaeue.
Aai iaycaoaeuenoai aeaenoaeoaeueii aeaaea a oii neo/aa, anee oi
iaycaoaeuenoai, eioi?ia ii aa?aioe?iaae, ieaaeaony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui
ii eaeiio au oi ie auei iniiaaieth, eiiio, /ai aeaoaeo oi?iu.
Iiea/eaay ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue, aaaeeno i?eia?aoaao i?aaa,
auoaeathuea ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, i?ioea oiai, ca eiai ii aeae
aa?aioeth, e i?ioea oao, eioi?ua a neeo ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey iaycaiu
ia?aae yoei iineaaeiei.
Noaouey oeacuaaao ia nouanoai iaycaoaeuenoaa aaaeenoa, ?aciiaeaeiinoue
nieeaea?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa - nieeaea?ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Nouanoaoao
iiaiea niaeanii eioi?iio ca eniieiaieai ii aaenaeth iiaeii ia?auaoueny
iaiin?aaenoaaiii e aaaeenoo ca aaenaeaaeaoaey i?inoiai aaenaey. N yoei
o?oaeii niaeaneoueny.
Ioaaonoaaiiinoue, eae ecaanoii, ianooiaao eeoue iinea iaeniieiaiey (
iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey ) iaycaoaeuenoaa. A ioiioaiee aaenaeueiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth aoaeao aai
iaaeeaaeauaa i?aaeuyaeaiea ieaoaeueueeo. Aei yoiai iiiaioa i
iaeniieiaiee ia iiaeao auoue e ?a/e, aieaa oiai - yoi i?in?i/ea
e?aaeeoi?a. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai aeey ia?auaiey ca
ieaoaaeii e aaaeenoo aeoeaioaioa yaeyaony i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia
i?aaeuyaeaiea aai aeoeaioaioo . Anee ii caieaoeo, oi e aiai?eoue
aeaeaa ia i /ai. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa aea?aeaoaeue eiaao i?aai ia i?yiie
ene e aaaeenoo a niioaaonoaee ni no.no. 28,32 Iieiaeaiey. I?ioano, a
niioaaonoaee n eiia?aoeaiie ii?iie no. 44, iaiaoiaeeii i?iecaanoe aeey
inouanoaeaiey i?aa ?aa?anna ( ca eneeth/aieai ?aae/aeoeo neo/aaa iaee/ey
ioiaoie ? iai?io aac i?ioanoa ?, a oaeaea ii ioiioaieth e aaaeenoai
aeoeaioaioa ). Oioy aea?aeaoaeue iiaeao niaa?oeoue i?ioano e
eno?aaiaaoue ecaea?aeee n aaaeenoa. I/aaeaeii /oi aaaeenoo iao niunea
oaaee/eaaoue ?acia? ieaoaaeae e i?inoiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa ioeaca a
ieaoaaea aeieaeii auoue aeinoaoi/ii aeey aaaeenoa.
Aiai?y i iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iaycaoaeuenoaa, iaania/aiiiai aaaeai,
caeiiiaeaoaeue eiaao a aeaeo iaiieiiii/iinoue eeoea, iiaeienaaoaai
aaaee?iaaiiue eiaeinnaiaio, eee ae?oaea aiaeiae/iua neo/ae. A nai? a?aiy
Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue noae (Iinoaiiaeaiea io 28 naioya?y 1994 a. No. 36 )
i?eiye ni?aaaaeeeaia, ii iaaannii?iia ?aoaiea, eioi?ia cao?oaeiyao
i?aaeeueiia oieeiaaiea noaouee. ?a/ue oea i auaea/a i?inoiai aaenaey n
iineaaeiaaoaeueiuie n?ieaie ieaoaaea, aaaee?iaaiiiai eiiiaieae,
ae?oaeanoaaiiie aaenaeaaeaoaeth. I/aaeaeii, iaycaiiua eeoea aaee naay
iaaeia?iniaanoii e ii ianooieaiee ieaoaaea ieaoeoue ioeacaeenue,
nineaaoenue ia aeaoaeoiinoue aaenaey. Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue noae, aeaeay
ainnoaiiaeoue ni?aaaaeeeainoue, enoieeiaae no. 32 oaeei ia?acii, /oi
n?ie yaeyaony ?aeaeceoii, ii oeacaiea iaaeiionoeiiai n?iea ( oae eae
n?ie an?-oaee oeacai ) ia yaeyaony ia?ooaieai oi?iu, oioy e aeaeaao
aaenaeue iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui a niioaaonoaee ni no.33 Iieiaeaiey.
Ii-aeaeeiiio, iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue aaenaey aeaeaao iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui e
oaeie niaoeeoe/aneee einoeooo iaania/aiey eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa ii
aaenaeth eae aaaeue. ( ni. no.no. 30, 31 : ? ieao?ae ii ia?aaiaeiiio
aaenaeth iiaeao auoue iaania/ai... iin?aaenoaii aaaey ?, ? aaaeue
aea?ony ia ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea eee ia aeiaaai/iii eenoa ? ). Oi anoue
iaania/eoaeueiay iaaeienue, naeaeaiiay ia ia aaenaea eee aeeiiaea,
aaaeai auoue ia iiaeao.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue no?iai ii?aaeaeyao aiciiaeiua n?iee ieaoaaea e a
aeiiieiaiea e no.1 i?ecia?o ie/oiaeiuie e ia eiathueie th?eaee/aneie
neeu ( ? null and void ?) aaenaey, oioy e niaea?aeauea oaeie
iaycaoaeueiue ?aeaeceo eae n?ie, ii oeacuaathuea n?iee, ioee/iua io
auoaoeacaiiuo. Ii - aeaeeiiio, oaeeie n?ieaie iiaoo auoue n?iee
naycaiiua n ii?aaeae?iiuie niauoeyie. A yoii neo/aa aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth
i?eoeinue au aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aa aeieacuaaoue au? e iaee/ea
th?eaee/aneiai oaeoa, /oi ia niaeanoaony n eaeaieiaeae aaenaeueiiai
oi?iaeecia.
Ii, aeaeeii, oaeea aeieoiaiou aoaeoo ie/oiaeiuie eeoue eae aaenaey, /oi
ia aeieaeii ii?i/eoue eo eae aeieacaoaeuenoaa caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a
caeia. Aano?aeii i?eciaaaoue neeo ca aeieoiaioaie, aiiaua ia
niaea?aeaueie oeacaiey ia n?ie, e eeoaoue a? aeieoiaioia niaea?aeaueo ia
i?aaeoniio?aiiue Iieiaeaieai n?ie.
34. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue n?ieii ii i?aaeuyaeaiee iiea/eaaaony i?e
aai i?aaeuyaeaiee. Ii aeieaeai auoue i?aaeuyaeai e ieaoaaeo a oa/aiea
iaeiiai aiaea ni aeiy aai ninoaaeaiey. Aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao
nie?aoeoue yoio n?ie eee iaoneiaeoue n?ie aieaa
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue. Yoe n?iee iiaoo auoue nie?auaiu eiaeinnaioaie.
Aaenaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao onoaiiaeoue, /oi ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue n?ieii
ii i?aaeuyaeaiee ia iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai e ieaoaaeo ?aiaa
ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea. A oaeii neo/aa n?ie aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey oa/ao n
yoiai n?iea.
N?ie, oeacaiiue a aeaiiie noaouea, yaeyaony naiui ?ani?ino?ai?iiui. A
neeo iniaaiiinoae ?inneeneiai aeaeiaiai iai?ioa, eiaaea neiaeii no?ieoue
aeieaia?aiaiiua ia?niaeoeau, eiaiii oaeea aaenaey iaeaieaa oaeiaiu a
ia?auaiee.
Aaenaeaaeaoaeue (i?inoiai aani?ioeaioiiai aaenaey ) iiaeao n
aa?iyoiinoueth 90% i?aaeiieiaeeoue /oi aaenaeue n oaeei n?ieii aoaeao
i?aaeuyaeai e ieaoaaeo a ia?aua aeie n?iea, oae eae aanieaoii
e?aaeeoiaaoue aac iniauo i?e/ei ieeoi ieeiai ia aoaeao, iiyoiio anaaaea
oeacuaaaony n?ie, a oa/aiea eioi?iai aeieaeai ieoieoueny aeeneiio
(oaeoe/anee - i?ioeaiou ii aeaiiceoo ).
40. Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue ia iiaeao auoue i?eioaeaeai i?eiyoue ieaoaae ii
ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth aei ianooieaiey n?iea.
Ieaoaeueuee, eioi?ue ieaoeo aei ianooieaiey n?iea, aeaeaao yoi ca
naie no?ao e ?ene.
Oio, eoi oieaoeo a n?ie, naiaiaeai io iaycaoaeuenoaa, anee
oieueei n aai noi?iiu ia auei iaiaia eee a?oaie iainoi?iaeiinoe. Ii
iaycai i?iaa?youe i?aaeeueiinoue iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai ?yaea
eiaeinnaiaioia, ii ia iiaeiene eiaeinnaioia.
*anoue o?aouey noaouee aucuaaao nii?u ia i?aeoeea. Eiiaaea aaie i?e
i?aaeuyaeaiee aio aaenaey onoaiaaeeaaao /oi iiaeiene eiaeinnaioia ia
niioaaonoaotho iiaeienyi a eiiee aaieianeie ea?oi/ee ( eiiee eae i?aaeei
inoaaeythony a aaiea i?e iiaaoaiee aaenaey ). Ca/anooth yoi neaaenoaea
eaae?iauo ia?anoaiiaie e o.ae. Ii ia iniiaaiee yoiai aaie ioeacuaaao a
ieaoaaea.
Aeaeeii, yoi iai?aaeeueii. A neeo no.17 Iieiaeaiey aeaaea anee
aeinoiaa?ii aoaeao onoaiiaeaii /oi iiaeienue iaeiiai ec eiaeinnaioia
iiaeaeaeaia, iaiaoiaeeii aeey iioeae?iaaiiiai ioeaca a ieaoaaea
ii?iaa?aiooue i?acoiioeeth aeia?iniaanoiinoe aea?aeaoaey. Noaouey aea
i?inoi inaiaiaeaeaao ieaoaeueueea io ioaaonoaaiiinoe a oaeeo neo/ayo, ii
ia aea?o aio i?aaa ioeacaoue a ieaoaaea aeia?iniaanoiiio aea?aeaoaeth.
42. A neo/aa iai?aaeuyaeaiey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey e ieaoaaeo a
n?ie, oeacaiiue a noaouea 38, eaaeaeue aeieaeiee eiaao i?aai aianoe
noiio aaenaey a aeaiiceo eiiiaoaioiiio i?aaio aeanoe ca n/ao, ?ene
e no?ao aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey.
ENE A NEO*AA IAAEOeAIOA EEE IAIEAOAAEA
43. Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao ia?aoeoue naie ene i?ioea
eiaeinnaioia, aaenaeaaeaoaey e ae?oaeo iaycaiiuo eeoe:
i?e ianooieaiee n?iea ieaoaaea, anee ieaoaae ia aue niaa?oai;
aeaaea ?aiueoa ianooieaiey n?iea ieaoaaea:
1) anee eiae ianoi iieiue eee /anoe/iue ioeac a aeoeaioa;
2) a neo/aa ianinoiyoaeueiinoe ieaoaeueueea, iacaaeneii io oiai,
aeoeaioiaae ee ii aaenaeue eee iao, a neo/aa i?ae?auaiey ei
ieaoaaeae, aeaaea anee yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai ia auei onoaiiaeaii noaeii,
eee a neo/aa aac?acoeueoaoiiai ia?auaiey acuneaiey ia aai
eiouanoai;
3) a neo/aa ianinoiyoaeueiinoe aaenaeaaeaoaey ii aaenaeth, ia
iiaeeaaeauaio aeoeaioo.
Iaeei ec naiuo nii?iuo ?acaeaeia. Ia?aaiae/ee iaeii e oi aea iiiyoea ?
right of recours ? - i?aai ia ?aa?ann ia?aaiaeeo eae ? i?aai ?aa?anna
? a no.46 e ai anao inoaeueiuo - eae ? i?aai ia ene ?, aiaeiae/ii
ae?oaiio iiiyoeth ? right of proceeding ? - i?aai ia noaeaaioth caueoo
( ? i?aai i?aaeuyaeaiey enea ? a no. 47 ), oaeoe/anee niaoeaay ?acee/iua
iiiyoey. Aiciiaeii, iiae i?aaii ia ene a oi a?aiy iiieiaeinue
iaoa?eaeueiia i?aai, ii a ethaii neo/aa a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo
nio?aiaiea nouanoaothuaai ia?aaiaea iaii?aaaeaii, oae eae aeaeaao
aanueia iaii?aaeae?iiui iieiaeaiea iaycaiiuo eeoe.
Iieo/aaony /oi aiciiaeii, ia i?aaeuyaeyy o?aaiaaiee ( ecaauaiea i
i?ioanoa - no.45 oaeei o?aaiaaieai iacaaoue neiaeii ) e eiaeinnaioai,
ia?aoeoueny e iei n noaeaaiui eneii e aiceiaeeoue ia ieo ana
niioaaonoaothuea ?anoiaeu, oioy n eo noi?iiu ieeaeeo ia?ooaiee ia auei.
46. Aaenaeaaeaoaeue, eiaeinnaio eee aaaeeno iiaoo iin?aaenoaii
aeeth/aiiie a aeieoiaio e iiaeienaiiie iaiai?ee "iai?io aac
ecaea?aeae", "aac i?ioanoa" eee anyeie eiie ?aaiicia/auae iaiai?ee
inaiaiaeeoue aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey io niaa?oaiey, aeey inouanoaeaiey aai
i?aa ?aa?anna, i?ioanoa a iaaeoeaioa eee a iaieaoaaea.
Yoa iaiai?ea ia inaiaiaeaeaao aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey ie io
i?aaeuyaeaiey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee, ie io
iinueee ecaauaiey. Aeieacaoaeuenoai ianiaethaeaiey n?ieia eaaeeo ia
oii, eoi nnueaaony ia yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai a nii?a n
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai.
Anee iaiai?ea aeeth/aia aaenaeaaeaoaeai, oi iia eiaao neeo a
ioiioaiee anao eeoe, iiaeienaaoeo aaenaeue; anee iia aeeth/aia
eiaeinnaioii eee aaaeenoii, oi iia eiaao neeo eeoue a ioiioaiee aai
naiiai. Anee, ianiio?y ia aeeth/aiioth aaenaeaaeaoaeai iaiai?eo,
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue niaa?oaao i?ioano, oi ecaea?aeee ii i?ioanoo eaaeao
ia iai. Anee iaiai?ea enoiaeeo io eiaeinnaioa eee io aaaeenoa, oi
ecaea?aeee ii i?ioanoo, anee oaeiaie aue niaa?oai, iiaoo auoue
eno?aaiaaiu io anao eeoe, iinoaaeaoeo naie iiaeiene..
Aiciiaeii inaiaiaeaeaiea io iaycaiiinoe ioaee/iiai oaeinoiaa?aiey
ioeaca a ieaoaaea, ii ia io i?aaeuyaeaiey e ieaoaaeo. Oaeinoiaa?aieai ia
ioeaca a yoii neo/aa oeaeaniia?acii naeaeaoue iioa?eaeueii caaa?aiiue
aeo i i?aaeuyaeaiee e ieaoaaeo. Io i?ioanoa ioee/aaony iaei, ii
i?aaeuyaeaiea i?iecaiaeeony aea?aeaoaeai e iioeeia ia oiea/eaaaony.
Eiae/ii i?aaeiieiaeeoue /oi e aeaeaa ?aa?anniua o?aaiaaiey aoaeoo
ia?aaeaaaoueny eeoue ii oeaii/ea ? aani?ioanoiuo ? eiaeinnaioia, oae eae
ana eiua inoaeueiua niaeaney ia ? aani?ioanoiia ? oaeiaeaoai?aiea ia
aeaaaee.
47. Ana auaeaaoea, aeoeaioiaaaoea, eiaeinne?iaaaoea ia?aaiaeiue
aaenaeue eee iinoaaeaoea ia iai aaaeue yaeythony nieeaea?ii iaycaiiuie
ia?aae aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai.
Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue eiaao i?aai i?aaeuyaeaiey enea ei anai yoei
eeoeai, e eaaeaeiio a ioaeaeueiinoe e ei anai aianoa, ia aoaeo/e
i?eioaeaeai niaethaeaoue i?e yoii iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue, a eioi?ie
iie iaycaeenue.
Ene, i?aaeuyaeaiiue e iaeiiio ec iaycaiiuo, ia i?aiyonoaoao
i?aaeuyaeaieth eneia e ae?oaei, aeaaea anee iie iaycaeenue iinea
ia?aiia/aeueiiai ioaao/eea.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi i?aaeuyaeaiea enea aiciiaeii eeoue e
eiaeinnaioai, i?aaeoanoaothuei ia?aiio ec eiaeinnaiaioia aea?aeaoaey,
oae eae aai o?aaiaaiea ec aieaa iicaeiaai eiaeinnaiaioa aoaeao iiaaoaii
ano?a/iuie o?aaiaaieyie ?i?iiaaeooi/iuo? eiaeinnaioia e iaio eae e aieaa
?aiiaio eiaeinnaioo. Oae eae ?aa?anniua o?aaiaaiey ec aaenaey
iiyaeythony eeoue iinea iieaou aaenaey a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna, ?a/ue eae?o
ia i ano?a/iii ca/?oa, a i yaiie iaoeaeaniia?aciinoe i?eiaiaiey eiiai
ii?yaeea yaeythueiny ceioiio?aaeaieai i?aaii.
Aiiaua aiai?y, oa?ieiieiaey Iieiaeaiey ia niaiaaeaao n ?inneeneie
th?eaee/aneie. Anee i oii, iiaeao ee naiinoiyoaeueiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue
iaycaiiuo ii aaenaeth auoue a oi aea a?aiy nieeaea?iie, iiaeii
iinii?eoue, ian/?o oiai /oiau iacaaoue ?aa?anniui o?aaiaaieai o?aaiaaiea
e iineaaeiaio eiaeinnaioo nii?eoue iaeuecy, oae eae AE ?O a no.325
?aa?anniuie o?aaiaaieyie iacuaaao o?aaiaaiey nieeaea?iuo aeieaeieeia,
eniieieaoeo iaycaoaeuenoai, e ae?oaei nieeaea?iui aeieaeieeai.
Iieiaeaiea aea ?aa?annii iacuaaao ia?aoiia aeaeaeaiea aaenaey.
48. Aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao o?aaiaaoue io oiai, e eiio ii
i?aaeuyaeyao ene:
1) noiio ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ia aeoeaioiaaiioth eee ia
iiea/aiioth, n i?ioeaioaie, anee iie auee iaoneiaeaiu;
2) i?ioeaiou, a ?acia?a oanoe, ni aeiy n?iea ieaoaaea;
3) ecaea?aeee ii i?ioanoo, ecaea?aeee ii iinueea ecaauaiey, a
oaeaea ae?oaea ecaea?aeee;
4) iaith, a ?acia?a o?ao i?ioeaioia, ni aeiy n?iea ieaoaaea.
Anee ene i?aaeuyaeyaony aei ianooieaiey n?iea ieaoaaea, oi ec
aaenaeueiie noiiu oaea?aeeaaaony o/aoiue i?ioeaio. Yoio o/aoiue
i?ioeaio en/eneyaony niaeanii ioeoeeaeueiie o/aoiie noaaea (aaieianeie
noaaea), nouanoaothuae a ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey ia
aeaiue i?aaeuyaeaiey enea.
Noaouey ec - ca iaei??aeoiie oi?ioee?iaee aucaaea iiiai nii?ia. ?a/ue
eae?o i 3 i?ioeaioao. A Caeiia oaeie iaiai?ee iao, ii NNN? ia iniiaaiee
naiae aeiaaeueiie iaiai?ee e no. 14 i?eeiaeaiey ? 2 e Eiiaaioeee naeaeae
niioaaonoaothuaa aeiiieiaiea e noaouea.
Ano?a/aaony oieeiaaiea, n/eoathuaa yoo naieoeeth iaiae a iiieiaiee
aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A?aoiaioaoeey : anee i?eciaaaoue yoi
3 % aiaeiauo, oi i?iiaaeaao niune auaeaeaiey 6 %, i?iua auei au
onoaiiaeoue 9 %. N yoei o?oaeii niaeaneoueny . A oaeii aa?eaioa
i?iiaaeaao niune yoeo 6 %. E?iia oiai, aaenaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
NNN? oiai ia?eiaea ciaei 3 % aiaeiauo eae caeiiioth iaonoieeo Aaaei I.,
Iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneee eiiiaioa?ee Iieiaeaiey i aaenaeyo 1922 aiaea, I.,
1923, N.86
.
Ian/?o 9 % - ia auoaoeacaiiua 3 % eiaao i?aai eeoue aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue,
iaycaiiua ii aaenaeth eeoea ia/eneytho ia auiea/aiiua eie noiiu eeoue 6
%.
Iiaiea i aiciiaeiinoe onoaiiaeaiey aeiiieieoaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca
iaieao?ae ii aaenaeth a ?aieao iauaa?aaeaeaineeo niaeaoaiee, ii -
aeaeeiiio, ia nianai aa?ii. Neo/ae e ?acia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe
i?aaeoniio?aiu a Caeiia. A niioaaonoaee ni no. 168 AE ?O (
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue naeaeie, i?ioeai?a/aueo caeiio ) oaeea niaeaoaiey,
iaiythuea ?acia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii n?aaiaieth n onoaiiaeaiiuie a
Caeiia aeieaeiu n/eoaoueny ie/oiaeiuie. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa oa?yaony nai
niune aaenaeueiie no?iainoe.
Aiaeiae/iie oi/ee c?aiey i?eaea?aeeaaaony Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue Noae. A
iinoaiiaeaiee ? 718/96 io 8 ieoya?y 1996 a. ii aeaeo ? E1-8432/95 (
?Niaac? i?ioea Iuoeueineiai eiiia?/aneiai aaiea ) noae oeacae, /oi : ?
Acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo aaenaeaaeaoaeai e aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai
?aaoee?othony aaenaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e ii?iu iauaa?aaeaeaineiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e iei i?eiaiaieth ia iiaeeaaeao. ?
Oi anoue ieeoi ia ia?aie/ai a onoaiiaeaiee ?acoiiie iaonoieee eee
i?ioeaioia a iaycaoaeuenoaa, ii yoi ia aeieaeii auoue iinoaaeaii a
caaeneiinoue io ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth. Ia i?aeoeea yoi ia i?aaenoaaeyao
cao?oaeiaiee, oae eae auaea/a aaenaey ( eae i?aaeei aeieaeieeii ) ia
iiaaoaao ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa, aiaeiae/ii /aeo. I?inoi
noi?iiu eiatho acaeiiua i?aaa o?aaiaaiey :
Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue iiaeao auoue i?eiyo eee iiea/ai ia oneiaeyo,
onoaiiaeaiiuo ieaea, eeoeii, aeaenoaothuei a ea/anoaa iin?aaeieea ca
eiai-eeai ec aeieaeieeia, iaycaiiuo a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna.
Iin?aaeieeii iiaeao auoue o?aouea eeoei, aeaaea ieaoaeueuee, eee
eaeia-eeai eeoei, oaea iaycaiiia a neeo ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey, ca
eneeth/aieai aeoeaioaioa.
Iin?aaeiee aeieaeai a oa/aiea aeaoo ?aai/eo aeiae ecaanoeoue i naiai
iin?aaeie/anoaa oiai, ca eiai ii aunooiee. A neo/aa ianiaethaeaiey
yoiai n?iea ii ioaa/aao a niioaaonoaothueo neo/ayo ca oua?a,
i?e/eiaiiue aai iaa?aaeiinoueth, n oai, iaeiaei, /oi oauoee iiaeeaaeao
aiciauaieth a ?acia?a ia nauoa aaenaeueiie noiiu.
Ii nouanoao ?a/ue eae?o i niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo oeiainiauo o/?aaeaeaieyo.
Iaycaiiua ii aaenaeth eeoea /oiau iaaciianeoue naay io iaiaoiaeeiinoe
iaeeaeaoue i?aaeuyaeaiey ?aa?anniiai enea iiaoo ca?aiaa ? i?aaeeiaeeoue
? aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth eniieiaiea ia neo/ae ioeaca a aeoeaioa eee
ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth ioo?i caeeth/aiey niioaaonoaothuaai niaeaoaiey n
aaieii a ianoa ieaoaaea. Yoi oaeaea aea?o aiciiaeiinoue ecaaaeaoue
iaioaeiie o?aou a?aiaie. Iin?aaeieeii iiaeao aunooieoue oaeaea eeoei, ia
eiathuaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie aeiaiai??iiinoe n iaycaiiui eeoeii.
56. Aeoeaio a ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa iiaeao eiaoue ianoi ai anao
oao neo/ayo, eiaaea o aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey,
iiaeeaaeauaai aeoeaioo, aicieeaao i?aai ia ?aa?ann aei ianooieaiey
n?iea ieaoaaea.
Anee a ia?aaiaeiii aaenaea, ia neo/ae iaaeiaiinoe, auei oeacaii
eeoei aeey aeoeaioa eee aeey ieaoaaea a ianoa ieaoaaea, oi
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao, aei ianooieaiey n?iea ieaoaaea,
inouanoaeyoue naia i?aai ?aa?anna i?ioea oiai, eoi naeaeae yoi
oeacaiea, e i?ioea eeoe, iinoaaeaoeo naie iiaeiene iinea oiai, eae
yoi oeacaiea auei naeaeaii, ii ana yoi eeoue i?e oneiaee, /oi ii
i?aaeuyaee ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue oeacaiiiio eeoeo e /oi a neo/aa
ioeaca iineaaeiaai a aeoeaioa yoio ioeac aue oaeinoiaa?ai i?ioanoii.
A ae?oaeo neo/ayo iin?aaeie/anoaa aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao
ioeeiieoue aeoeaio a ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa. Iaeiaei, anee ii
aeiionoeo aeoeaio, ii oa?yao i?aai ia ?aa?ann, aei ianooieaiey n?iea
ieaoaaea i?ioea oiai, ca n/ao eioi?iai aeoeaio aue aeai, e i?ioea oao
eeoe, eioi?ua iinoaaeee naie iiaeiene iinea iaai.
Oae eae i?aai ia ?aa?ann aicieeaao oaea n iiiaioa i?ioanoa a
iaaeoeaioa, oi aiciiaeia neooaoeey eiaaea e aaaeenoo eee eiaeinnaioo (
aaenaeaaeaoaeth ) ene iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai aei n?iea ieaoaaea. N
iaeiie noi?iiu, aein?i/iue ieao?ae aea?o iainiiaaoaeueiia i?aeiouanoai
aea?aeaoaeth ii?ioanoiaaiiiai aaenaey, n ae?oaie - aeaeaao
iaii?aaeae?iiui aeey iaycaiiuo eeoe i?aaeiieaaaaiue iiiaio i?aaeuyaeaiey
o?aaiaaiee.
Aeey oaeeo neo/aai caeiiiaeaoaeue i?aaeoniio?ae einoeooo aeoeaioa a
ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, eioa?anu aeia?iniaanoiiai
aea?aeaoaey aaenaey ia ouaieythony, oae eae aianoi ioeacaaoaai
aeieaeieea ii aaenaeth ii iieo/aao ae?oaiai aeieaeieea, a iaycaiiua
eeoea inaiaiaeaeatho naay io iaycaiiinoe ieaoeoue aein?i/ii.
60. Anee ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue aue aeoeaioiaai iin?aaeieeaie,
eiathueie ianoi naiaai aeeoaeuenoaa a ianoa ieaoaaea, eee a neo/aa,
anee eeoea, eiathuea oai aea ianoi naiaai aeeoaeuenoaa, auee oeacaiu
aeey ieaoaaea ia neo/ae iaaeiaiinoe, oi aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue
aeieaeai i?aaeuyaeoue aaenaeue anai yoei eeoeai e a
niioaaonoaothueo neo/ayo niaa?oeoue i?ioano a iaieaoaaea naiia
iicaeiaa ia neaaeothuee aeaiue iinea iineaaeiaai aeiy,
i?aaeinoaaeaiiiai aeey niaa?oaiey i?ioanoa.
Anee i?ioano ia aoaeao niaa?oai a yoio n?ie, oi oio, eoi oeacae eeoei
aeey ieaoaaea ia neo/ae iaaeiaiinoe, eee oio, ca n/ao eioi?iai
aaenaeue aue aeoeaioiaai, a oaeaea iineaaeothuea eiaeinnaiou
ia?anoatho auoue iaycaiiuie.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?aaeuyaeaiey e ieaoaaeo iaoneiaeaia naiei niuneii
ieaoaaea a ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa, oae eae aea?aeaoaeth auei
i?aaeeiaeaii eniieiaiea a ianoa ieaoaaea. A neo/aa iai?eiyoey
eniieiaiey, /oi, nianoaaiii e cia/eo iai?aaeuyaeaiea e ieaoaaeo, eiae/ii
eeoeoue aea?aeaoaey aaenaey i?aaa iiaoi?iiai i?aaeuyaeaiey o?aaiaaiee e
iaycaiiui eeoeai, i?aaeeiaeeaoei eniieiaiea /a?ac iin?aaeieeia.
63. Eeoei, i?iecaaaeoaa ieaoaae a ii?yaeea iin?aaeie/anoaa,
i?eia?aoaao i?aaa, auoaeathuea ec ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey i?ioea oiai, ca
eiai iii oieaoeei, e i?ioea oao, eoi iaycai ia?aae yoei
iineaaeiei ii ia?aaiaeiiio aaenaeth. Iaeiaei iii ia iiaeao aiiaue
eiaeinne?iaaoue ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue.
Eiaeinnaiou, neaaeothuea ca eeoeii, eioi?ia iinoaaeei naith
iiaeienue ia aaenaea e ca eioi?ia aue i?iecaaaeai ieaoaae,
inaiaiaeaeathony io ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
A neo/aa noa/aiey ianeieueeeo i?aaeeiaeaiee ia oieaoa a ii?yaeea
iin?aaeie/anoaa, i?aaeii/oaiea ioaeaaony oiio, eoi inaiaiaeaeaao io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai eeoe. Iin?aaeiee, ciathuee i
oii, /oi ii ia?ooaao yoi i?aaeei, oa?yao naia i?aai ia ?aa?ann e
oai, eioi?ua ieacaeenue au inaiaiaeaeaiiuie io ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Aiaeiae/iia iieiaeaiea. Anee iin?aaeiee iaeiia?aiaiii i?aaenoaaeyao
ianeieueei eeoe, oi auei au no?aiii iaycuaaoue eeoe, i?aaeeiaeaiea
eioi?uo i i?eiyoee ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa auei ioeeiiaii, ii a aeaiiii
neo/aa oaea ii aeia iin?aaeieea.
I IIIAEANOAAIIINOE YECAIIEss?IA E I EIIEssO
64. Ia?aaiaeiue aaenaeue iiaeao auoue auaeai a ianeieueeeo
oiaeaeanoaaiiuo yecaiiey?ao.
Anee a aaenaea ia oeacaii, /oi ii auaeai a aaeeinoaaiiii
yecaiiey?a, oi aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue iiaeao o?aaiaaoue auaea/e aio ca aai
n/ao ianeieueeeo yecaiiey?ia. Aeey yoiai ii aeieaeai ia?aoeoueny
e naiaio iaiin?aaenoaaiiiio eiaeinnaioo, eioi?ue iaycai ieacaoue
aio niaeaenoaea a ioiioaiee naiaai eiaeinnaioa e oae aeaeaa,
ainoiaey aei aaenaeaaeaoaey. Eiaeinnaiou iaycaiu aini?iecaanoe
eiaeinnaiaiou ia iiauo yecaiiey?ao.
Eiiaaea a i?aeoeea ano?a/athony aaenaey n eiee/anoaii eiaeinnaiaioia
nauoa 30. Aieueoie a?aiaiiie n?ie ia?auaiey, nii?yae?iiue a aiciiaeiie
iaaeia?iniaanoiinoueth iaycaiiuo eeoe iiauoaao aiciiaeiinoue oece/aneiai
iia?aaeaeaiey aeieoiaioa, /oi naeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui inouanoaeaiea i?aaa
ec aaenaey. E?iia oiai, a neo/aa ? aeaiaiey ? e ? o?iaiey ? aaenaey
oaaee/eaaaony aai iai?ioiniiniaiinoue e aiciiaeiinoe aea?aeaoaey (
i?iaaaeaiea iia?aoeee a ?acee/iuo ianoao - aaaee?iaaiea a iaeiii e
i?iaeaaea a ae?oaii ).
A neo/aa aea iaaeia?iniaanoiinoe aea?aeaoaey, ia?aaeaaoaai yecaiiey?u
?acee/iui eeoeai, iaycaiiui ii iei a eiia/iii n/?oa inoaiaony ii, oae
eae i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee ieaoaeueueeo, oaea iieaoeaoaio ( aeoeaioiaaaoaio )
iaeei yecaiiey?, iiaeii aoaeao onoaiiaeoue, aaea oeaii/ee eiaeinnaioia ?
?anoiaeyony ?. Aiiaua, a aiaeeeneii oaenoa ?a/ue eae?o i /anoyo aaenaey
( ? parts ? ) .
Anoanoaaiii, i?e iieoiea yecaiiey?a aaenaey ( iaycaoaeueiue ?aeaeceo -
iiiaoea ii?yaeeiaiai iiia?a ) iaiaoiaeeii o?aaiaaoue o io/oaeaeaoaey
i?inoaaeaiey eiaeinnaiaioa e ia i?inoaaeyoue aeaieiauo eiaeinnaiaioia
i?e aai i?iaeaaea.
1) /oi yecaiiey?, iineaiiue aeey aeoeaioa, ia aue aio ia?aaeai,
ianiio?y ia aai o?aaiaaiea;
2) /oi aeoeaio eee ieaoaae ia iiaee auoue iieo/aiu ii ae?oaiio
yecaiiey?o.
?a/ue eae?o ia ia iau/iie ii/oiaie ia?anueea, a i ii?o/aiee
ii?aaeae?iiiio eeoeo i?aaeuyaeoue aaenaeue e aeoeaioo. Eiy iiaa?aiiiai
aeieaeii auoue oeacaii ia ae?oaeo yecaiiey?ao, e eeoei, eoieaoaa ae?oaea
yecaiiey?u, iiaeao o?aaiaaoue aeoeaioiaaiiue yecaiiey? o iiaa?aiiiai.
Anoanoaaiii /oi iau/iue i?ioano aeiiieiyaony i?ioanoii e iiaa?aiiiio,
oae eae iniiaaieai ioeaca aeoeaioaioa iiaeao auoue nnueea ia oi /oi ii
oaea aeoeaioiaae iaeei yecaiiey?. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa iaaeia?iniaanoiue
aea?aeaoaeue iiaeao iieo/eoue oaeiaeaoai?aiea o aeoeaioaioa e ae?oaeo
iaycaiiuo eeoe iaeiia?aiaiii.
Eiiey aeieaeia a oi/iinoe aini?iecaiaeeoue i?eaeiae n
eiaeinnaiaioaie e ni anaie ae?oaeie ioiaoeaie, eioi?ua ia iai
iaoiaeyony. Iia aeieaeia oeacuaaoue, aei eaeiai ianoa iia aeiaaaeaia.
Iia iiaeao auoue eiaeinne?iaaia e aaaee?iaaia a oii aea ii?yaeea e n
oaie aea iineaaenoaeyie, eae e iiaeeeiiee.
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?iecaiaeioth oeaiioth aoiaao. *oi-oi a?iaea
aa??aioa. O?aaiaaoue eniieiaiey ii iae a ioiioaiee eeoe, iaycaaoeony ii
aaenaeth, iaaiciiaeii, oae eae a neo/aa ioeaca a auaea/a aaenaey eeoeii,
oeacaiiui a eiiee eae aea?aeaoaeue i?eaeiaea, aea?aeaoaeue iiaeao
ia?aoeoue o?aaiaaiea eeoue i?ioea eeoe, eiaeinne?iaaaoeo e aaaee?iaaaoeo
eiieth ( ?...right of recourse against the persons who have endorsed the
copy or guaranteed it by aval... ? ). I?iaeaaea ianeieueeeo eiiee
iaeiiai aaenaey aoaeao eiaoue aiaeiae/iua i?iaeaaea ianeieueeeo
yecaiiey?ia iineaaenoaey.
Ia?aaiae a Iieiaeaiee iaei??aeoai, oae eae aea?aeaoaeue eiiee ia
yaeyaony aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeai e ieeaeeo i?aa ec aaenaey eiaoue ia iiaeao.
A i?ioeaiii neo/aa ia?ooaaony iniiaiiieaaathuaa naienoai oeaiiie aoiaae
- iaaiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey eniieiaiey aac i?aaeuyaeaiey aoiaae.
IA ECIAIAIEssO
69. A neo/aa eciaiaiey oaenoa ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey eeoea,
iinoaaeaoea naie iiaeiene iinea yoiai eciaiaiey, ioaa/atho a
niioaaonoaee n niaea?aeaieai eciaiaiiiai oaenoa; eeoea, iinoaaeaoea
naie iiaeiene aei yoiai, ioaa/atho a niioaaonoaee n niaea?aeaieai
ia?aiia/aeueiiai oaenoa.
Oaeno aaenaey iiaeao auoue eciai?i aaenaeaaeaoaeai a ethaia a?aiy ( a
/anoe noiiu, n?iea ieaoaaea e o.ae., ?acoiaaony, n niaeaney aea?aeaoaey
), ii yoe eciaiaiey nayaeoo oieueei oao, eoi iayaeaony ii aaenaeth iinea
yoeo eciaiaiee. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?e aianaiee eciaiaiee aeaeaoaeueii
aeaoe?iaaiea.
Yoi iiaeao auoue oeaeaniia?aciui i?e aein?i/iii ieaoaaea ii aaenaeth (
i?ioeaiou aoaeoo ioianaiu ia naaanoieiinoue ).
Eneiaua o?aaiaaiey aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey i?ioea eiaeinnaioia e
i?ioea aaenaeaaeaoaey iiaaoathony enoa/aieai iaeiiai aiaea ni aeiy
i?ioanoa, niaa?oaiiiai a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie eee ni aeiy n?iea
ieaoaaea, a neo/aa iaiai?ee ia iai?ioa aac ecaea?aeae.
Eneiaua o?aaiaaiey eiaeinnaioia ae?oa e ae?oao e e aaenaeaaeaoaeth
iiaaoathony enoa/aieai oanoe ianyoeaa, n/eoay ni aeiy, a eioi?ue
eiaeinnaio iieaoee aaenaeue, eee ni aeiy i?aaeuyaeaiey e iaio enea.
N?ie aaenaeueiie aeaaiinoe a ioiioaieyo n aeoeaioaioii eee
aaenaeaaeaoaeai i?inoiai aaenaey aeieaeai en/eneyoueny ni aeiy
i?aaeuyaeaiey ( ii i?aaeuyaeaiee ) eeai n ii?aaeae?iiiai n?iea io aeiy
i?aaeuyaeaiey.
Iiaeii ia/aeii ion/?oa o??oeaoiaai n?iea n/eoaoue iineaaeiee aeaiue
n?iea aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey e ieaoaaeo. Ii, ai - ia?auo, oaeay iiceoeey
noaaeo eeoei, oionoeaoaa i?ioano a aieaa auaiaeiia iieiaeaiea iaaeaee
eeoei, aeia?iniaanoii i?ioano niaa?oeaoaa. Ai - aoi?uo, iaiiiyoii eaeei
ia?acii aoaeao en/eneyoueny yoio n?ie aeey aaenaeae n?ieii ? io
i?aaeuyaeaiey ?.
E?iia oiai, caeiiiaeaoaeue aeiioneaao aianaiea aaenaeueiie noiiu a
aeaiiceo iioa?eona ( no.43 Iieiaeaiey ) oieueei ii aaenaeyi n eiie?aoiie
aeaoie ieaoaaea. Nei?aa neaaeoao i?eciaaaoue iioa?th aea?aeaoaeai i?aa
a neo/aa oiouaiey n?iea. Oioy aieaa ?acoiiui auei au naycuaaiea n?ieia
aaenaeueiie aeaaiinoe ni n?ieii ninoaaeaiey aaenaey.
IAUEA IINOAIIAEAIEss
74. Ieeaeea a?aoeeiiiua aeie, ie ii caeiio, ie noaeaaiua, ia
aeiioneathony.
Cai?ao ia a?aoeeiiiua aeie aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui, eae oaea oeacuaaeinue,
naiaa?aiaiiue ieao?ae i?e aaciaee/iie oi?ia ?an/?oia ii aaenaeyi ni
n?ieii ieaoaaea ia ii?aaeae?iiue aeaiue eee ? ii i?aaeuyaeaiee ?.
I I?INOII AAENAEA
75. I?inoie aaenaeue niaea?aeeo:
1) iaeiaiiaaiea "aaenaeue", aeeth/aiiia a naiue oaeno e
au?aaeaiiia ia oii ycuea, ia eioi?ii yoio aeieoiaio ninoaaeai;
2) i?inoia e ie/ai ia iaoneiaeaiiia iaauaiea oieaoeoue
ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio;
3) oeacaiea n?iea ieaoaaea;
4) oeacaiea ianoa, a eioi?ii aeieaeai auoue niaa?oai ieaoaae;
